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Microbiology > Highly Regulated Bacteria - Brucella > Flashcards

Highly Regulated Bacteria - Brucella Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are reportable diseases?

A

diseases of great public/animal health importance and have to be reported as soon as they’re detected

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2
Q

what is the benefit of reporting diseases?

A

collection of statistics
identify disease trends and track disease outbreaks
control future outbreaks

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3
Q

what are the reportable diseases that are select agents?

A

possible bio-weapons

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4
Q

Where and when was contagious equine metritis first described?

A

united kingdom in 1977

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5
Q

what is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

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6
Q

what gram is Taylorella equigenitalis and what media does it not grow on despite its gram stain result?

A

gram negative
No growth on MacConkey agar

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7
Q

what is the pathogenesis of contagious equine metritis?

A

contaminated semen and pre-ejaculatory fluids > intro into uterus > induce acute endometritis > mononuclear cells, plasma cells, and neutrophils into uterine lumen > profuse mucopurulent exudate

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8
Q

what are the clinical findings of contagious equine metritis?

A

mares - copious mucopurulet vaginal discharge > temporary infertility, vertical transmission
stallions - no clinical signs, asymptomatic carriers

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9
Q

How is contagious equine metritis transmitted?

A

venereal transmission
infected semen
contaminated instrument

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10
Q

How long can T. equigenitalis persist for in untreated stallions?

A

persist for months or years

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11
Q

How can foals become long-term asymptomatic carriers?

A

foals born to infected mares

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12
Q

How is contagious equine metritis diagnosed?

A

swabs from reproductive organs
no systemic antibiotics for at least 7 days or topical antibiotics for 21 days
sample transported on Amies medium

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13
Q

What medium is T. equigenitalis cultured on?

A

chocolate agar
timoney’s medium

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14
Q

How is contagious equine metritis treated?

A

-wash external genitalia with 2% chlorhexidine
-local antimicrobial treatments: nitrofurazone, silver sulfadiazine
-tx for 5 days

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15
Q

How is contagious equine metritis prevented?

A

strict/import/export testing
no vaccine available

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16
Q

What is the endemic area for Brucellosis?

A

yellowstone N.P.

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17
Q

what wild animals does brucellosis occur in?

A

wild bison and elk populations

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18
Q

what is brucellosis transmissible to?

A

cattle and humans
ZOONOTIC - select agent

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19
Q

what is the causative agent of brucellosis?

A

Brucella sp.

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20
Q

Define select agent

A

an infectious agent with potential for use in bioterrorism

21
Q

what is the catalase, oxidase, and urease results for brucellosis?

A

all 3 positive

22
Q

How long can Brucellosis survive in milk products, after birth, aborted fetuses, etc?

A

can survive for longer periods of time

23
Q

what are the reservoirs of Brucellosis?

A

wild, feral and domestic animals

24
Q

What is the use of vaccinating animals against Brucellosis?

A

immunization of animals

25
Q

what groups are at the highest risk of brucellosis?

A

-people who consume unpasteurized milk products
-people in direct contact with infected animals
-lab techs and researchers

26
Q

How is brucellosis transmitted?

A

ingestion of contaminated fetal tissues and fluids

27
Q

What is the pathogenesis of brucellosis?

A

Brucella survives inside phagocytic cells > multiples in monocyte-macrophage cells > spread systemically, esp reproductive organs

28
Q

what are the clinical findings of bovine brucellosis?

A

abortion/infertility - abortion storms
reduced milk yield

29
Q

what are the clinical findings of canine brucellosis?

A

low virulence
abortions
very rarely zoonotic

30
Q

what are the clinical findings of swine brucellosis?

A

abortion/infertility

31
Q

what are the clinical findings of brucellosis in goat and sheep?

A

abortion, orchitis and arthritis

32
Q

which brucellosis is the most dangerous zoonosis?

A

B. melitensis - goat and sheep

33
Q

How is Brucellosis diagnosed?

A

culture - Columbia agar supplemented with 5% serum
serological or milk based tests - brucella milk ring test (MRT)

34
Q

How is brucellosis treated in animals and prevented for vets?

A

no treatment
prevented for vets - safe handling, PPE

35
Q

What is the causative agent of coxiellosis/Q fever?

A

Coxiella burnetii

36
Q

How does Coxiella burnetii react to environmental stress?

A

resistant

37
Q

Is Q fever transmissible to people?

A

yes - Coxiella burnetii is zoonotic

38
Q

what are the two distinct cell types of coxiellosis? Describe each

A

small cell variant - metabolically inactive form and environmentally stable
large cell variant - metabolically active form

39
Q

How many Coxiella burnetti bacteria does it take to infect humans?

A

a single bacterium
highly infectious
ID50 <= 10

40
Q

What occupations if coxiellosis a hazard to?

A

farmers, veterinarians, zoo, and slaughterhouse workers

41
Q

what animal populations is coxiellosis found in?

A

domestic ruminants - cattle, goats, sheep

42
Q

where does Coxiella proliferate and what does this result in?

A

proliferates in uterus and mammary glands
results in late term abortion

43
Q

How is Coxiellosis transmitted?

A

inhalation - usually from parturient sheep, goats, cattle, and rarely parturient cats/dogs

44
Q

On a cellular level where does Coxiellosis multiply?

A

acidified phagolysosomes

45
Q

Where is Coxiellosis localized to?

A

genital tract and mammary glands of animals

46
Q

what clinical findings are associated with coxiellosis?

A

goats - abortions, infertility
ruminants - infertility in ruminants

47
Q

How is coxiellosis diagnosed?

A

PCR - most sensitive and fast

48
Q

How is coxiellosis prevented?

A

good husbandry practices - proper disposal of birth products

49
Q

what are the agents we learned in this lecture that can be used as bioweapons?

A

select agents
Coxiella burnetti - Coxiellosis/Q fever
Brucella sp. - brucellosis

Microbiology (29 decks)

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