Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define mutant

A

offspring of a normal member of a species
distinct from wild type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define mutation

A

any heritable change in DNA sequence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define allele

A

different forms of same gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define isogenic strains

A

two lineages of same bacteria that have a single change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define selection

A

growth condition that allows for growth of only a specific kind of mutant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are spontaneous base pair mutations

A

occuring by insertion of incorrect base during replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are induced base pair mutations

A

addition of external factors (mutagens) that alter chemical bonds in DNA and need repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

If the code is CCC (encodes proline) and it gets translated as CCA, CCG, or CCU (also encodes proline) - what type of mutation is this?

A

silent or synonymous mutations
change still results in same AA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If the code is CCC (encodes proline) and it gets translated to CGC (arginine) or GCC (alanine) - what type of mutation is this?

A

Missense or nonsynonymous mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

If the code is CCC (encodes proline) and it gets translated to something with the loss of function - what type of mutation is this?

A

null mutation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In prokaryotes what two steps in DNA synthesis occur simultaneously?

A

transcription and translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

does a nonsynonymous mutation always lead to a change in phenotype?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Is a mutation always beneficial to the bacterium?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How is transcription terminated in bacteria?

A

factor dependent Rho
Rho binds rut sites not covered by ribosomes and progresses up mRNA until it hits RNA polymerase and dislodges it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are nonsense mutation?

A

mutations that change from coding an AA to coding for a stop codon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a frameshift mutation?

A

base deletions or additions that alter reading frame of mRNA

changes function of protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

define vertical gene transfer

A

DNA replication provides daughter cell with copy of parental cell DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

define horizontal gene transfer

A

evolutionary process that distributes genes between divergent prokaryotic lineages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does DNA move between different bacterial species?

A

horizontal gene transfer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is transformation in HGT?

A

uptake of naked DNA from environment and stable incorporation into the genome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is transduction in HGT?

A

transfer of DNA by a virus or viral vector

22
Q

what is transposition in HGT?

A

transposon genes are transferred from one organism to another through copying and insertion process

23
Q

what is conjugation or mating in HGT?

A

transfer of genetic material between bacteria to direct cell to cell contact between two cells

24
Q

what are bacterial species that are known for natural transformation/natural competence?

A

Streptococcus penumoniae
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Haemophilus influenzae

25
Q

what does it mean for a bacteria to be naturally competent?

A

can take up DNA from environment

26
Q

How was natural competence discovered?

A

Griffith’s experiment

27
Q

How does gram negative and gram positive preform transformation (HGT)?

A

translocation of ssDNA molecule into cell

28
Q

How is competence regulated?

A

Quorum sensing - high bacterial species population > build up of CSP (competence stimulating peptide) > induction of competence

29
Q

What is quorum sensing?

A

bacterial communication
relays number of cells in an environment based on a secreted protein or product

30
Q

what is fratricide?

A

killing of neighboring non-competent cells as source of DNA

31
Q

what is a bacterial species that is very good at transformation/competence?

A

Streptococcus

32
Q

what is specialized transduction?

A

phage transfers small amount of bacterial DNA adjacent to phage DNA in chromosome

33
Q

what is generalized transduction?

A

transducing phage - mutation leads to misreading at pac sites, carries bacterial DNA

34
Q

what are the two types of transduction?

A

specialized and generalized

35
Q

what is a bacteriophage?

A

bacterial virus
used in transduction

36
Q

what is lytic grow?

A

phage replicates > lots of phages > lysis cell > virus in environment

37
Q

what is lysogenic growth?

A

phage silently inserts into bacterial chromosome > no cell lysis

38
Q

what is prophage or lysogen?

A

lytic genes repressed, viral DNA remains silent in host

39
Q

what is conjugative transposons?

A

mechanisms of transposition
transposon excises from chromosome and circularizes then transfers (conjugation) to recipient and integrates into recipient DNA

40
Q

what is conjugation?

A

transfer of DNA from donor to recipient cell

41
Q

what is a F plasmid?

A

self-transmissible plasmid
has tra genes - encodes transfer apparatus

42
Q

what are the two main functions of tra genes?

A

Dtr - DNA transfer and conjugal replication
Mpf - mating pair formation

43
Q

what are the steps of conjugation?

A
  1. mating pair is established
  2. single strand of DNA is transfered
  3. DNA replication occurs in both donor and recipient cell
44
Q

what are mobilizable plasmids?

A

dont encode own Tra apparatus
need Tra from self-transmissible plasmid or helper plasmid

45
Q

what a hfr strain?

A

E. coli carrying F plasmid on chromosome

high frequency recombination

46
Q

What does the mixing of Hfr and F- allow for?

A

conjugation

47
Q

you can test for movement of genes with _____

A

selectable marker

48
Q

The longer it takes for a gene to be transferred the __________ the road is is located in the chromosome

A

further down

49
Q

What was the original map of E coli based on? Why?

A

based on minutes because of bacterial interrupted mating

50
Q

what are pathogenicity islands?

A

Horizontally acquired sections of bacterial chromosome that encode genes primarily associated with virulence

51
Q

How can you tell DNA is horizontally acquired?

A

look at close relatives
GC content
repeat sequences flanking genes
Salmonella pathogenicity islands

Microbiology (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions