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Microbiology > Clostridium - made a table instead > Flashcards

Clostridium - made a table instead Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the causative agent of botulism?

A

Clostridium botulinum

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2
Q

where are the endospores of botulism found?

A

distributed in soils and aquatic environments

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3
Q

what are the 7 types of toxins of C. botulinum?

A

A, B, C, D, E, F, & G

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4
Q

When choosing an antitoxin for botulism what is most important for it to be an effective treatment?

A

antitoxin must match toxin

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5
Q

what type of paralysis is seen with C. botulinum?

A

flaccid paralysis

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6
Q

Describe the botulism endospores

A

oval subterminal endospores, bulge mother cells

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7
Q

what is the most common toxin in cattle and what part of the cow contains the toxin?

A

bones and meat contain BoNT

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8
Q

what is shaker foal syndrome?

A

in horses from type b
foal found dead or progressive symmetric motor paralysis

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9
Q

How does the botulinum neurotoxin cause disease?

A

enter cystosol of host cell and cleaves SNARE proteins required for membrane fusion of synaptic vesicles and cell membrane > blocks AcH release

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10
Q

what are clinical manifestations of C. botulinum?

A

tongue, jaw, and tail flaccidity
incoordination and knuckling fetlocks
flaccid paralysis

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11
Q

How is botulism diagnosed?

A

eliminate other possible causes
history, clinicals signs, ID of toxin in serum/tissue before death

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12
Q

why is the toxin not useful in dead carcaccases?

A

environmental organism used to deregulate dead carcasses > false positive

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13
Q

why are you likely unable to culture C. botulinum from non-toxicoinfection cases?

A

cant grow in gut well
toxin is what is important for disease not the bacteria

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14
Q

what does PCR detect for botulism?

A

toxin genes
requires bacteria from culture or patient

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15
Q

How is C. botulinum treated and controlled?

A

evacuation of stomach and purging for recent ingestion
polyvalent antiserum - binds unbound toxin, serotype specific

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16
Q
A
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17
Q

what diseases does C. chauvoei cause?

A

blackleg
clostridial myositis
black quarter

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18
Q

what hemolysis does C. chauveoi have?

A

B hemolysis

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19
Q

where is C. chauveio found?

A

naturally in intestinal tract of animals

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20
Q

How does C. chauveio enter tissues?

A

likely ingested, organism crosses epithelial layer in GI tract to enter tissues

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21
Q

Is C. chauveio an endogenous or exogenous disease?

A

endogenous disease - disease may occur without a wound

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22
Q

what is the virulence factor for C. chauveio? what does it do?

A

CctA : Clostridium chauvoei toxin A > perforates host cell membrane

23
Q

What age of cattle is blackleg most commonly found?

A

well-fed 6m-2yr most commonly

24
Q

How is blackleg cause in sheep?

A

C. chauvoei-associated gas gangrene
wound infections > follows injury

25
Q

What generates lesions in blackleg? Describe lesions

A

CctA
dry, dark, emphysematous

26
Q

what are the clinical manifestations of blackleg?

A

gangrenous cellulitis & crepitant myositis
acute development lameness, edema, crepitation

27
Q

How is blackleg diagnosed?

A
28
Q

How is blackleg treated?

A

vaccinate susceptible animals and treat prophylactically with penicillin for up to 14 days

29
Q

How is blackleg controlled?

A

vaccination - Bacterin (killed bacteria) vaccine produced with local, previously identified clostridial strains of C. chauvoei in cases where toxoid vaccine is ineffective

30
Q

what is the causative agent of infectious necrotic hepatitis (black disease)?

A

C. novyi

31
Q

Where is C. novyi found?

A

worldwide soil borne organism
often present intestine and liver of herbivores

32
Q

what is the key virulence factor for black disease?

A

TcnA - lethal, necrotizing, activates GTP binding proteins leading to edema

33
Q

What species is C. novyi type B found?

A

sheep and cattle

34
Q

How are sheep and catle infected with C. novyi Type B?

A

endospores ingested and migrate to Kupffer cells in liver where they remain dormant

35
Q

How is the liver injured with C. novyi type B?

A

fluke migration - tissue is anoxic so endospores germinate

36
Q

What clinic signs are seen with black disease?

A

rarely observed and cattle simply found dead

37
Q

How is black disease diagnosed?

A

liver lesions - grayish yellow gross lesions - fluke tracts
contain large gram + rods in liver

38
Q

Postmortem how does c. novyi contaminant liver?

A

GI tract

39
Q

How is C. novyi type B controlled?

A

prophylactic vaccination w/ bacterin - toxoid combination
control fluke and other hepatopathic agents

40
Q

How often do animals have to be vaccinated for C. novyi type B?

A

long term immunity - 1 vaccination

41
Q

what is the causative agent of bacillary hemoglobniuria (red water disease)?

A

C. haemolyticum

42
Q

what type of disease is red water disease?

A

acute, infectious toxemic disease

43
Q

what species does red water disease infect? where?

A

ruminants - rocky mtn, pacific coast, gulf of mexico

44
Q

How are ruminants infected with C. haemolyticum?

A

grazing in pastures infested with liver flukes encysted on vegetation

45
Q

what is the virulence factor of C. haemolyticum?

A

B-toxin - hemolytic and necrotizing phospholipase C

46
Q

How do liver flukes contribute to C. haemolyticum infection?

A

young liver flukes excyst in duodenum > burrow through intestinal wall then migrate to and enter liver > damage creates anaerobic tissue > C. haemolyticum can grow

47
Q

what leads to hepatocyte necrosis and endovascular thrombosis with C. haemolyticum?

A

toxin production by vegetative growth

48
Q

what are the clinical manifestations with a subacute infection of C. haemolyticum?

A

fever, jaundice, anorexia, abdominal pain, rapid deep breathing, decreased milk production, blood in feces and urine

49
Q

How is red water disease diagnosed?

A

clinical history
necropsy - lesions (infarcts) in liver

50
Q

How is C. hameolyticum confirmed?

A

C. haemolyticum in liver infarction

51
Q

How is red water disease treated?

A

Antibiotic treatment likely ineffective
antitoxin

52
Q

How is C. haemolyticum controlled?

A

vaccination
seasonal - 1 dose prior to dry season
constant protection - semiannual vaccination

53
Q
A

Microbiology (29 decks)

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