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KM Master Sommelier Study > Greece > Flashcards

Greece Flashcards

1
Q

What was the name of Greek god of wine

A

Dionysus (Bacchus in Rome)

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2
Q

What were Oenohoos

A

The proto sommeliers responsible for blending with water to keep it balanced to avoid drunkenness

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3
Q

What kind of additive is permitted in Retsina

A

Resin from Aleppo pines

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4
Q

When and how much resin is added to retsina

A

During first half of fermentation, between 0.15 to 1% of the wine’s volume

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5
Q

What are the two traditional PGI’s of Greece

A

Retsina
Verdea

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6
Q

Where is Retsina produced

A

Can be made anywhere in Greece, however mainly produced in Sterea Ellada

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7
Q

Which grape varieties are permitted for Retsina

A

Savatiano
Roditis

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8
Q

What is Kokkineli

A

A rose of Retsina made from Roditis

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9
Q

What are the 15 subregions permitted on Retsina labels

A

Gialtra
Halkidiki
Spata
Evia
Megara
Mesogia
Karystos
Attica
Markopoulos
Viotia
Pallini
Peania
Thebes
Pikermi
Koropi

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10
Q

Which 5 companies were at the forefront of the Greek quality movement of 1970’s

A

Boutari
Kourtakis
Achaia Clauss
Tsantaili
Kambas

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11
Q

Which Greek winery hired Emile Peynaud as consultant in 1970’s

A

Domaine Porto Carras

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12
Q

When was Greek wine law enacted

A

1969 - 1970

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13
Q

Which islands are found on the west of Greek mainland

A

Ionian Islands

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14
Q

Which island is directly south of Peloponnese

A

Kythira

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15
Q

Which big island is in the south part of Greek mainland

A

Crete

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16
Q

Which 3 island groups making wines are in east of Greek mainland, in Aegean sea

A

Cyclades Islands (Santorini, Paros)
Dodecanese Islands (Rhodes)
North Aegean Islands (Lemnos)

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17
Q

Which mountain range forms the spine of Greece

A

Pindos

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18
Q

Which is the highest mountain range in Greece

A

Mount Olympus on the border of Thessaly and Macedonia

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19
Q

Which Aegean island is considered with Central Greece due to its proximity to Athens

A

Evia

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20
Q

Which wine regions are part of Northern Greece

A

Thrace
Macedonia
Epirus
Thessaly

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21
Q

Which region is also known as Sterea Ellada

A

Central Greece

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22
Q

Which is the southernmost region of Continental Greece

A

Pelopponese

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23
Q

What is the key soil type in Greece

A

Limestone - due to oceanic crust forming the land and mountains in Greece

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24
Q

What kind of climate do you find in Greece

A

Mediterranean with abondant sunshine
Hot dry summers
Mild winters

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25
Q

Which is the hottest and driest part of Greece

A

Attica (Athens)

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26
Q

Which two regions are the coolest in Greece

A

Amynteo
Epirus

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27
Q

What is Meltemi

A

Hot dry wind coming from North to Aegean islands with profound impact on Santorini

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28
Q

What are vin Naturellement doux

A

Wines made solely from dried grapes

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29
Q

What are Vin doux/Vine de Liqueur

A

Unfermented musts shocked with spirits/Tsipouro (Mistelle)

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30
Q

What is Tsipouro

A

A Greek grappa, also used for fortifying sweet wines

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31
Q

What are Vin Doux Naturel

A

Wines produced by adding spirits to partly fermented musts

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32
Q

Which two PDO’s of Greece allow international varietals

A

Slopes of Meliton
Messenikola

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33
Q

What was the OPE designation used in Greece

A

OPE designation was used for traditional sweet wines of Greece

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34
Q

What are the different levels of PGI’s in Greece

A

Regional
District
Area

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35
Q

What is Verdea

A

An oxidised dry white wine from Ionian island Zakhynthos

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36
Q

What classification level is accorded to Retsina

A

PGI

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37
Q

What is asproudi

A

Unknown white grapes are called Asproudi is Greece

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38
Q

What is Cava in Greece

A

Used as ageing designation for still wines
Min ageing for 1 year for whites and rose wines, at least 6 months in barrel
Min ageing of 3 years for red wines, min 1 yr in barrel

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39
Q

Which quality of wines use the term Cava in Greece

A

PGI quality and varietal table wines

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40
Q

What does Grand Cru means in Greece

A

Used for sweet wines made by VDN process
Sourced from selected high altitude vineyards

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41
Q

What does Reserve means in Greece

A

Term used for PDO wines in Greece
White wines aged for min 1 yr, min 6 months in barrel and min 3 months in bottle
Red wines aged for min 2 yrs, min 1 yr in barrel and 6 months in bottle

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42
Q

What does Grand Reserve means in Greece

A

Term used for PDO quality in Greece
White wines aged for min 2 yrs, 1 yr in barrel not larger that 600L and min 6 months in bottle
Red wines aged for min 4 yrs, min 18 months in barrel and min 18 months in bottle

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43
Q

What is Paleomenos se Vareli

A

Indicates extended oak ageing beyond the required minimum for the appellation

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44
Q

What is Mavroudi

A

An indigenous Greek red variety
Also a generic term for unknown red grapes

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45
Q

Which is Greece’s most planted red grape

A

Agiorgitiko

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46
Q

What are the key characteristics of Agiorgitiko

A

High yielding, requires close planting
Small clusters, thick skinned
Prone to Mildew and disease

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47
Q

Which PDO solely uses Agiorgitiko

A

Nemea

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48
Q

Which country does Thrace border

A

Bulgaria
Turkey

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49
Q

What kind of soils do we find in Thrace

A

Sandy soils near coasts
Clay based fertile soils inland
Rocky and poor soils near mountains

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50
Q

Which mountain range blocks the cool winds off in Thrace

A

Rodopi mountains

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51
Q

What are the key PGI’s of Thrace

A

Evros - district PGI
Avdira & Ismaros - Area PGI’s

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52
Q

What kind of wines are made in Thrace

A

Blends of local and International varieties, both reds and whites
Key red local grapes being Mavroudi and Limnio
Key White grapes being Assyrtiko and Sauvignon Blanc

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53
Q

Which part of Macedonia is higher elevation? Why?

A

Western part, due to Pindos mountain range

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54
Q

Which are the main grapes in Macedonia

A

Mostly reds - Xinomavro and Moschomavro

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55
Q

Which two major wine families are responsible for high quality of Macedonia wines

A

Boutari
Tsantali

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56
Q

How high is the Plateau of Amynteo

A

Between 520 - 720 mtrs
Mostly flat

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57
Q

What soils do you find in Amynteo

A

Mainly sandy soils with limestone and loam

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58
Q

What grapes and wines are allowed in Amynteo

A

Xinomavro based reds, roses and sparkling rose
Both dry and off dry permitted
Sparkling could be tank or traditional method

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59
Q

What kind of soils and climate is found in Naoussa

A

More clay content than sand with plenty limestones, heavier than Amynteo
Continental climate

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60
Q

Which producer bottled the first wines in Greece

A

Boutari

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61
Q

Name few famous Crus of Naoussa

A

Trifolos - Lower elevation, richer soils, richer wines
Fytia - Higher elevation, rocky soils, chiseled wines
Ramnista - fuller bodied wines

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62
Q

Naoussa cru Ramnista is home to which modern producer

A

Kir Yianni

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63
Q

What kind of wines are produced in Naoussa

A

Mainly dry, some semi sweet tannic red wines from Xinomavro grape (100%)

64
Q

What kind of geography and climate are found in Goumenissa

A

Deep clay loam soils, ample sunshine
150 - 300 m elevation

65
Q

Which grapes are permitted for wines in Goumenissa

A

Xinomavro to be co fermented with at least 20% Negoska

66
Q

Which PGI region in Macedonia has 3 peninsulas inside it and hosts a PDO

67
Q

Which PDO in Macedonia is a monopole

A

Slopes of Meliton - Domaine Porto Carras

68
Q

What soils and elevation are found in Slopes of Meliton PDO

A

Sandy loam with limestone
Mediterranean Climate
100 - 350 m elevation

69
Q

What kind of wines are made in Slopes of Meliton PDO

A

Dry reds from Limnio, Cabernet Sauvignon and Cabernet Franc
Dry Whites from Assyrtiko, Athiri and Roditis

70
Q

Which vineyard in Halkidiki has a PGi status and no women are allowed to walk its vines

A

Mount Athos - owned by Monastries

71
Q

Which PGI is made famous by Evangelos Gerovassiliou

A

Epanomi PGI for special Malagousia

72
Q

What is Drama in Greece

A

A PGI in eastern Macedonia

73
Q

What are the PDO’s in Macedonia

A

Amynteo
Naoussa
Goumenissa
Slopes of Meliton

74
Q

Which Greek wine region has Mount Olympia located within

75
Q

What kind of soils and climate are found in Thessaly

A

Schist and grey clay
Mediterranean climate with chilly winters

76
Q

What is Greek grappa Tsipouro made of

A

Muscat of Hamburg

77
Q

Which Thessaly producer is known for its top quality Limniona wine

A

Domaine Zafeirakis

78
Q

Which PDO outside of Macedonia features Xinomavro

79
Q

Which is the smallest PDO in Greece

A

Rapsani - 90 hectares in 2017

80
Q

Who is the major producer in Rapsani

A

Tsantali - 95% of the regions grapes are used by Tsantali

81
Q

Which grapes are blended in Rapsani for its dry reds

A

Xinomavro with Stavroto and Krasato

82
Q

What grape varieties are permitted in Messanikola PDO

A

Mavro Messanikola
Syrah and Carignan - Max 30% combined

83
Q

What kind of wines are permitted in Anchialos PDO

A

Dry, semi dry and semi sweet white wines
No oak ageing permitted for sweeter style
No skin contact permitted for dry wines
80% roditis with 20% Savatiano

84
Q

Which PGI of Epirus shares a border with Albania

85
Q

Which PGI of Epirus is known for quality of its Cabernet Sauvignon

86
Q

What kind of geography and climate are found in Zitsa PDO

A

500-700 m elevation plateau
Cool continental climate
Pindos to the east, Ionian sea to the west
Limestone rich soils

87
Q

What kind of wines are made in Zitsa

A

Still, semi sparkling and sparkling wines
Traditional and tank method allowed for sparkling wines
Debina is the main grape used

88
Q

What are the PDO’s in Thessaly

A

Anchialos
Messenikola
Rapsani

89
Q

Which Greek region has no PDO

A

Central Greece - Sterea Ellada

90
Q

What are the main local grapes in central Greece

A

Savatiano
Roditis

91
Q

Which is the largest PDO of Greece

92
Q

What is Hellenic Trench

A

An important area south of Peloponnese where the African and Eurasian continental plates meet

93
Q

What seperates Peloponnese from Central Greece

A

Gulf of Corinth

94
Q

Which three PGI’s of Peloponnese account for majority of its viticulture

A

Achaia
Corinth
Arcadia

95
Q

What are the PDO’s of Peloponnese

A

Patras
Muscat of Patras
Muscat of Rio Patras
Mavrodaphne of Patras
Nemea
Mantinia
Monemvasia - Malvasia

96
Q

Which wines are also known as blood of Hercules

A

Red wines made from Agiorgitiko grape

97
Q

Which is the sole grape allowed for Nemean wines? What styles are made

A

Agiorgitiko - 100 %
Dry and sweet styles, dry wines more popular

98
Q

Who modernised the wines of Nemea

A

Domaine Skouras

99
Q

What is Megas Oenos

A

A dry red made from Agiorgitiko and Cabernet Sauvignon aged in new oak by Domaine Skouras

100
Q

Who pioneered richer extracted style of reds from Agiorgitiko in Nemea

A

Gaia Estate

101
Q

What is the most famous cru of Nemea

A

Koutsi at 650 m elevation

102
Q

What grapes and wine styles are found in Mentinia PDO

A

Dry white and sparkling wines
85% Moschofilero, can be blended with Asproudes

103
Q

What kind of wines are made in Patras PDO

A

Dry white wines from Roditis grapes

104
Q

Who created Mavrodaphne of Patras

A

Achaia Clauss winery in 1861 - Gustav Clauss

105
Q

Which grapes are used for Mavrodaphne of Patras

A

Min 51% Mavrodaphne with Corinthiaki

106
Q

What are the different ageing in Mavrodaphne of Patras

A

Min 1 yr ageing
Min 3 yr ageing for reserve (2 in cask, 1 in bottle)
Min 7 yr ageing for Grand Reserve (3 in cask, 3 in bottle)
Min 3 yrs after bending for NV

107
Q

What different fortifications are practised for Patras’ fortified wines

A

Vin de Liqueur/Vin Doux (fortified without fermentation)
Vin Doux Naturel (fortified with partial fermentation)
Vin Naturellemente Doux (dried grapes)

108
Q

What are the key differences in Muscat of Patras and Muscat of Rio Patras

A

Muscat of Ptras wines are richer and heavier in texture coming from clay based soils
Muscat of Rio Patras wines comes from closer to coast and are higher toned and floral

109
Q

Where is Domaine Mercouri located

A

In Ilia district of Peloponnese

110
Q

What is Domaine Mercouri famous for

A

Blends of Greek varieties with French and Italian grapes for his wines
Were the first to plant Refosko in Greece

111
Q

What kind of wines are produced in Monemvasia - Malvasia PDO

A

Sweet wines, fortified or unfortified, made from dried grapes
Aged for min 2 yrs in barrel
Single vintage or blend with most recent vintage listed on the label

112
Q

What are the PDO’s in Ionian islands

A

Robola of Cephalonia
Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia
Muscat of Cephalonia

113
Q

Name some key producers of Robola of Cephalonia

A

Gentilini
Sclavos

114
Q

What kind of wines are produced in Robola of Cephalonia PDO

A

Dry white wines from Robola grape

115
Q

How is Mavrodaphne of Cephalonia different from Patras

A

Tsigelo clone used in Cephalonia. Better regarded, making higher quality

116
Q

Which are the most important islands for viticulture in Cyclades

A

Santorini
Paros

117
Q

What kind of climate is found in Cyclades

A

Hot and dry conditions
Strong Meltemi winds stall photosynthesis, prevent overripening and extend growing season

118
Q

What kind of soils are found in Cyclades

A

Extremely poor soils lacking in Clay
Volcanic black top soils

119
Q

Name few important producers in Santorini

A

Santo cooperative
Argyros
Boutari
Hatzidakis
Sigalas
Gaia

120
Q

What kind of soils are found on Santorini Island

A

Black volcanic Basalt on metamorphosed limestone and schist
Lack of clay

121
Q

What is the low lying basket shaped trellissing system called in Santorini

A

Kouloura/Stefani

122
Q

What grapes are used in making wines in Santorini

A

Assyrtiko (min 75%) with Athiri and Aidani

123
Q

What grapes are required for making Vin Santo

A

Min 51% Assyrtiko with Athiri and Aidani

124
Q

What methods are required for making Vin Santo

A

Must be produced from dried grapes with or without fortification - mostly unfortified
Min 2 yrs of ageing
If ageing statement given instead of vintage - must be aged in oxidative manner for 4 years or its multiples

125
Q

What is Nykteri

A

Wine made from overripe grapes harvested pre dawn and pressed within a day
Dry wine, aged for min 3 months in the barrel, flor may develop

126
Q

What are the PDO’s on the island of Paros

A

Paros
Malvasia of Paros

127
Q

What is the name of the central peak in Paros

128
Q

What are the main grapes in Paros PDO dry wines

A

Dry white wines - Monemvasia
Dry red wines - Mandilaria min 35% with Monemvasia - co fermented

129
Q

Which is the only PDO that allows white grapes in a red wine in Greece

130
Q

Which grapes are used for Malvasia of Paros PDO

A

Monemvasia with max 15% Assyrtiko
Min 2 yrs ageing for vintage wines
Min 4 yr ageing for NV wines with multiples of 4 allowed for extra ageing
Fortification optional

131
Q

What are the PDO’s in Rhodes

A

Rhodes PDO
Muscat of Rhodes PDO

132
Q

What are the key grapes of Rhodes PDO

A

Athiri for white wines
Mandilaria for red wines

133
Q

Which grape is also known as Amorgiano in Rhodes

A

Mandilaria

134
Q

What kind of wines and grape compositions are expected in Rhodes PDO

A

Dry or semi dry whites or sparkling wines - min 70% Athiri with Assyrtiko and Malagousia
Reds and Roses from 70% Mandilaria with Mavrothiriko

135
Q

Which methods can be used for Muscat of Rhodes

A

Made from Muscat Bland
Can be VDL/VDN/VND
VDN’s can be labelled Grand cru from selected high quality vineyards

136
Q

Which region in Greece is known to be major source of Ouzo

A

North Aegean - Lesvros PGI

137
Q

What kind of wines are produced in Samos PDO

A

Muscat blanc based sweet VDN/VDL/VND
VDN can be Grand cru from selected high quality vineyards

138
Q

Which is the only Muscat PDO in Greece that doesn’t have Muscat in the name of the PDO

139
Q

What are the key geographical features of Samos

A

Steep island, up to 900 m elevation
Granite soils
North facing terraced high elevation vineyards prized

140
Q

What are the key wines produced in UWC co op

A

Samos Vin Doux
Nectar - dried grape wine, no fortification, aged 6 yrs in oak
Anthemia - VDL aged for 5 yrs
Grand Cru - VDN from 400 m plus vineyards, no oak used

141
Q

What are the PDO’s in Lemnos

A

Lemnos PDO
Muscat of Lemnos PDO

142
Q

What are the key grapes in Lemnos

A

Whites - dry, semi dry or semi sweet whites - Muscat of Alexandria
Reds - dry - Lemnos

143
Q

What is the key difference between the Muscats from Lemnos and Muscat of Lemnos PDO

A

Lemnos PDO makes dry, semi dry or semi sweet white wines
Muscat of Lemnos makes sweet Muscats from Muscat of Alexandria grape in VDL/VDN and VND styles

144
Q

Which part of Greece was the first to start making wines

145
Q

What kind of soils are found in Crete

A

Limestone mixed with Clay

146
Q

What are the key geographic features of Crete

A

Mountain range running through the middle of the long thin island, east to west
Hot north African winds from south of the island make it too warm for viticulture
North is better suited due to mountain blocking the hot winds
Best sites at higher slopes, hot and dry climate

147
Q

What are the PDO’s in Crete

A

Peza
Archanes
Daphnes
Candia
Malvasia Candia
Sitia
Malvasia Sitia

148
Q

What kind of wines are made in Peza

A

Dry White wines from Vilana grape
Dry red wines from Mandilaria and Kotsifali

149
Q

What kind of wines are made in Archanes PDO

A

Dry red wines only from Mandilaria and Kotsifali

150
Q

What kind of wines are made in Daphnes PDO

A

Dry and sweet reds from Liatiko grape
VDN/VDL/VND allowed. Grand cru VDN from selected vineyards

151
Q

What kind of wines are made in Candia PDO

A

Dry whites from min 85% Vilana with Assyrtiko, Athiri, Liatiko, Vidiano and Thrapsathiri
Dry reds from Min 70% Kotsifali with Mandilaria

152
Q

What kind of wines are made in Malvasia Candia and Malvasia Sitia PDO

A

Sweet white wines VDN or VND styles
Max 15% Malvasia di Candia and Muscat Blanc
Assyrtiko, Vidiano, Athiri, Thrapsathiri and Liatiko in the rest 85%

153
Q

What kind of wines are made in Sitia PDO

A

Dry whites from 70% Vilana with Thrapsathiri
Dry reds from 80% Liatiko with Mandilaria
Sweet wines VND style from Liatiko

154
Q

What is Marouvas

A

Oxidative wine from light red grape Romeiko, made as PGI wine from Crete

155
Q

Which is considered the best Native white grape of Crete

156
Q

Which other grapes in Crete are proving to have potential for high quality wines

A

Whites - Plyto, Dafni and Thrapsathiri
Reds - Romeiko

KM Master Sommelier Study (52 decks)

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