Grammar - Week 29 Flashcards
Formation of present subjunctive active
Change the stem vowel according to the following pattern: We beat a liar
1st a → ae
2nd e → ea
3rd iou → a
4th i → ia
Mood of purpose clauses
The main clause is active while the subordinate clause is subjunctive.
Formation of imperfect subjunctive active
In all conjugations, add the regular final personal signs to the present infinitive
Primary tenses
present, future, and future perfect
Secondary tenses
Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect
Introduction to and tenses of purpose clauses
Purpose clases are introducted by ut (negative: nē). Use the present subjunctive when the main verb is primary. Use the imperfect subjunctive when the main verb is secondary.
Agreement of relative pronouns
The general rule of agreement of pronouns applies to relative pronouns also.
Agreement of pronouns
A pronoun agrees with the word to which it refers in gender and number; its case depends on its use in its own clause
When a relative clause of purpose can be used and the exception when it cannot be used
Whenever the relative pronoun can, without changing the meaning, be made to agree with a noun or pronoun in the main clause. The exception is when the relative pronoun would have to agree with the subject of an active main verb.
Rules for the tense of a relative clause or purpose
The same as for regular ut-clauses of purpose.
Purpose clauses introduced by quō
Used when a purpose clause contains a comparative. They follow the same rules for tense as regular ut- clauses of purpose, and the negative is nē.
Placement of comparitive in purpose clauses introduced by quō
The comparitive stands regularly immediately after the quō or nē.
Direct questions
Direct questions are ordinary questions which are addressed to a person.
Three introductions for a direct question
- Interrogative adverbs
- Interrogative particles
- Interrogative adjectives and pronouns
Quis vs. quī in the interrogative adjective
In the nominative masculine singular, quis is generally used as an adjective for which or what, quī for what sort of or what kind of.
Formation of perfect and pluperfect subjunctive for all Latin verbs, regular and irregular
Add the following endings to the perfect stem:
- Perfect:* -erim, -erīs, -erit, -erīmus, -erītis, erint
- Pluperfect:* -issem, -issēs, -isset, -issēmus, -issētis, -issent
Indirect questions
A question that depends on a verbof asking, saying, thinking, and the like.
Tense and mood of indirect questions
The tense in indirect questions is determined by the rule: tense by sequence. The mood in idirect questions is always subjunctive.
Indirect questions, primary sequence
The action of the verb in the indirect question happens at the same time as the action of the main verb = present subjunctive
The action of the verb in the indirect question happens before the action of the main verb = perfect subjunctive
Indirect questions, secondary sequence
The action of the verb in the indirect question happens at the same time as the action of the main verb = imperfect subjunctive
The action of the verb in the indirect question happens before the action of the main verb = pluperfect subjunctive
Vocative case
The vocative of all nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative except in singular nouns in -us of the second declension: these have -e. Proper nouns in -ius and fīlius have only -ī in the vocative singular.
Three common exceptions to the rule for vocatives
Meus (masculine singular form), Deus, and Jesus, whos vocatives in the singular are mī, Deus, and Jēsū repectively.
Position of vocatives
Rule of position: the vocative in Latin generally does not stand first in the sentence.
Formation of the present imperative active, singular and plural
Find the present stem and add the following endings:
Conjugation__Singular__Plural
1st -ā -āte
2nd -ē -ēte
3rd -i -ite
4th -ī -īte
Position of imperatives
Rule of position: the imperative more frequently stands first in the sentence.
Rules for wishes (optative subjunctive)
Possible wishes are expressed by the present subjunctive with utinam. (With the 3rd person, utinam is often omitted.) Negative: nē.
Exhortion (hortatory subjunctive)
An exhortation in the 1st person plural is expressed by the present subjunctive. Negative: nē.
Suus vs. ējus and eōrum
Suus is used to refer to the subject of its own clause (direct reflexive). When his, her, its, etc. do not refer to the subject of their own clause, ējus and eōrum are to be used (except in some cases)
Suus and suī as indirect reflexives
When a personal pronoun of the 3rd person is in a subordinate purpose clause or indirect question and refers to the subject of the main verb, suī and suus (not is, ea, id or ējus, eōrum) should be used.
Formative of the present and imperfect subjunctive passive
Follow the rules for the present and imperfect subjunctive active, then change the final personal signs exactly as was done in the indicative -ō or -m → -r, -s → -ris, etc.
Formation of the perfect and pluperfect passive
For all conjugations subjunctive:
- Find the perfect participle passive.
- Add, as a seperate word, the proper form of the verb sum (present subjunctive of sum for the perfect tense, imperfect subjunctive of sum for the pluperfect tense).
Rule for cum (when) in secondary sequence
In secondary sequence, it usually takes the subjunctive. Use the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive according to the rule (Grammar 531-533)
Ablative of cause
The ablative is sometimes used to express the cause or reason (Grammar 781-784)
Definition of a participle
A participle is a verbal adjective. It is an adjective because it can modify a noun. It is a verb because it expresses action. Since it is a verb, it may be modified by an adverb.
Definition of demonstrative pronouns
Words that point out the person or thing about which we are talking. They are “pointing-out” words.
Words for position of hic, haec, hoc
Rules for Position: hic, haec, hoc generally precedes the noun int modifies
Uses of demonstrative pronouns
- As pronouns (rule of agreement, Grammar 479)
- As adjectives (rules of agreement, Grammar 477-478)
Hic and ille used in contrast
Hic refers to the thing that is closer or that has been mentioned more recently (the latter); ille refers to the thing that is farther away or that has been mentioned previously (the former)
Ablative of separation
With verbs and adjectives of separating, freeing, depriving, and the like (Grammar 766-768):
- With things: use the ablative without a preposition.
- With persons: use the ablative with dē, ex, or ab.
Rule for the formation of possum
The present tenses are formed:
- By prefixing pos- to any form of sum beginning with an s.
- By prefixing pot- to all other forms of sum.
The perfect tenses are formed with the usual endings on the perfect stem, potu-.
Formation of present infinitive passive
Add the following endings to the present stem:
1st = -ārī
2nd = -ērī
3rd = -ī
4th = -īrī
Definition and use of an infinitive
The infinitive is a neuter verbal noun. As a noun it is used as subject, predicate noun, or object. The infinitive is always neuter. As a verb the infinitive has tense, take objects, and is modified by adverbs and adverbial phrases.
When the infinitive is not used in Classical Latin
The infinitive is not used in Classical Latin to express purpose.
Formation of the subjunctive of possum
For the present tense, add pos- to the present subjunctive of sum. For the imperfect, add the regular personal signs to the infinitive of possum, posse. The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are formed regularly on the perfect sztem, potu-.
Case of the subject of an infinitive
accusative
One … other (another)
- Of more than two:
* one … another* = alius, a, ud … alius, a, ud
* some … others* = aliī, ae, a … aliī, ae, a - Of two only:
* one … the other* = alter, -era, -erum … alter, -era, -erum
* one (group) … the other (group)* = alterī, ae, a … alterī, ae, a
One as in one OF TWO
generally alter, altera, alterum
One does one thing, another another
Latin combines this into one expression, thus: One thing seeks one thing, another another = Alius aliud quaerit.
Simple enumerations
In simple enumerations, alter, altera, alterum is used for tthe second instead of secudus, a, um
How to distinguish -iō verbs of the 3rd conjugation
By the endings of the 1st and 2nd principal parts, which are always -iō and ere.
Simple rule for the conjugation of -iō verbs
Whenever the ending pf tje 4th conjugation begins with two vowels, -iō verbs use the endings of the 4th conjugtion; otherwise, they use the endings of the 3rd conjugation.
Rule for time when
Use the ablative without any preposition. With words not expressing time of themselves, in is generally used.
Rule for extent of time and space
The accusative is used without a preposition to express the extent of space or time (answering the questions: How fr?, How long?)
Rule for time within which
To express time within which, use the ablative without any preposition.
Two changes that happen when verbs of calling, naming, etc., that take a double accusative are put in the passive.
- The accusative object becomes the subject.
- The predicate accusative becomes the predicate nominative.
Formation of the perfect infinitive active of all Latin verbs, regular and irregular
Add -isse to the perfect stem.
Formation of the future infinitive active of all Latin verbs
By making a compound out of the future participle active and esse.
Formation of the future participle active
Drop the -us from the perfect passive participle and add -ūrus
Formation of noun clauses after verbs of saying, thinking, seeing, and the like
Use the accusative with infinitive construction. In this construction:
- The verb is always an infinitive.
- The subject is always in the accusative case.
- The tense of the infinitive is determined by the rule: tense by relation
Rule for tense by relation
- The present infinitive and particple express action as going on at the time of the finite verb in their clause.
- The perfect infinitive and participle express action as completed before the action of the verb in their clause.
- The future infinitive and participle express action which will take place after the action of the verb in their clause.
Use of impersonal verbs in the accusative with infinitive construction
- The impersonal verb is in the infinitive …
- … without a subject expressed: English, it.
- In a compound infinitive, the participle is always neuter.
Tense of infinitive after other verbs and expressions besides verbs of saying, etc.
When the accusative with the infinitive is used fter other expressions (e.g., jubeō and oportet), the tense is generally present.
Formation of the perfect passive infinitive and with what it will agree
By making a compound out of the perfect participle passive and esse. Since the participle in a compound tense is declined like an adjective, the participle will agree with the subject accusative.
Three degrees of an adjective
Positive, comparitive, and superlative
Rule for regular comparison of adjectives
Comparitive: Add -ior, -ius to teh stem of the positive.
Superlative: add -issimus, -issima, -issimum to the stem of the positive.
Comparison of adjectives in -er
Adjectives in -er add -rimus to the nominative masculine singular to for the superlative. The comparatives of these words follow the regular rule.
Comparison of similis, dissimilis, facilis, humilis, and difficilis
They add -limus to the stem to form the superlative. The comparatives of these words follow the regular rule.
Comparison of adjectives ending in -us preceded by a vowel (except qu nd gu)
The comparitive and superlative are formed with the adverbs magis and maximē.
Ablative of comparison
When quam, than, would be followed by the nominative or the accusative, the ablative may be substituted for quam and the nomintive or accusative. the ablative is always used with quam and the nominative or accusative of the relative pronoun. The ablative is never used when it would be ambiguous.
