Grammar - Week 18

Question 1

Formation of present subjunctive active

Answer 1

Change the stem vowel according to the following pattern: We beat a liar

1st a → ae

2nd e → ea

3rd iou → a

4th i → ia

Question 2

Mood of purpose clauses

Answer 2

The main clause is active while the subordinate clause is subjunctive.

Question 3

Formation of imperfect subjunctive active

Answer 3

In all conjugations, add the regular final personal signs to the present infinitive

Question 4

Primary tenses

Answer 4

present, future, and future perfect

Question 5

Secondary tenses

Answer 5

Imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect

Question 6

Introduction to and tenses of purpose clauses

Answer 6

Purpose clases are introducted by ut (negative: nē). Use the present subjunctive when the main verb is primary. Use the imperfect subjunctive when the main verb is secondary.

Question 7

Agreement of relative pronouns

Answer 7

The general rule of agreement of pronouns applies to relative pronouns also.

Question 8

Agreement of pronouns

Answer 8

A pronoun agrees with the word to which it refers in gender and number; its case depends on its use in its own clause

Question 9

When a relative clause of purpose can be used and the exception when it cannot be used

Answer 9

Whenever the relative pronoun can, without changing the meaning, be made to agree with a noun or pronoun in the main clause. The exception is when the relative pronoun would have to agree with the subject of an active main verb.

Question 10

Rules for the tense of a relative clause or purpose

Answer 10

The same as for regular ut-clauses of purpose.

Question 11

Purpose clauses introduced by quō

Answer 11

Used when a purpose clause contains a comparative. They follow the same rules for tense as regular ut- clauses of purpose, and the negative is nē.

Question 12

Placement of comparitive in purpose clauses introduced by quō

Answer 12

The comparitive stands regularly immediately after the quō or nē.

Question 13

Direct questions

Answer 13

Direct questions are ordinary questions which are addressed to a person.

Question 14

Three introductions for a direct question

Answer 14

1. Interrogative adverbs
2. Interrogative particles
3. Interrogative adjectives and pronouns

Question 15

Quis vs. quī in the interrogative adjective

Answer 15

In the nominative masculine singular, quis is generally used as an adjective for which or what, quī for what sort of or what kind of.

Question 16

Formation of perfect and pluperfect subjunctive for all Latin verbs, regular and irregular

Answer 16

Add the following endings to the perfect stem:

• Perfect:* -erim, -erīs, -erit, -erīmus, -erītis, erint
• Pluperfect:* -issem, -issēs, -isset, -issēmus, -issētis, -issent

Question 17

Indirect questions

Answer 17

A question that depends on a verbof asking, saying, thinking, and the like.

Question 18

Tense and mood of indirect questions

Answer 18

The tense in indirect questions is determined by the rule: tense by sequence. The mood in idirect questions is always subjunctive.

Question 19

Indirect questions, primary sequence

Answer 19

The action of the verb in the indirect question happens at the same time as the action of the main verb = present subjunctive

The action of the verb in the indirect question happens before the action of the main verb = perfect subjunctive

Question 20

Indirect questions, secondary sequence

Answer 20

The action of the verb in the indirect question happens at the same time as the action of the main verb = imperfect subjunctive

The action of the verb in the indirect question happens before the action of the main verb = pluperfect subjunctive

Question 21

Vocative case

Answer 21

The vocative of all nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative except in singular nouns in -us of the second declension: these have -e. Proper nouns in -ius and fīlius have only -ī in the vocative singular.

Question 22

Three common exceptions to the rule for vocatives

Answer 22

Meus (masculine singular form), Deus, and Jesus, whos vocatives in the singular are mī, Deus, and Jēsū repectively.

Question 23

Position of vocatives

Answer 23

Rule of position: the vocative in Latin generally does not stand first in the sentence.

Question 24

Formation of the present imperative active, singular and plural

Answer 24

Find the present stem and add the following endings:

Conjugation__Singular__Plural

1st -ā -āte

2nd -ē -ēte

3rd -i -ite

4th -ī -īte

Question 25

Position of imperatives

Answer 25

Rule of position: the imperative more frequently stands first in the sentence.

Question 26

Rules for wishes (optative subjunctive)

Answer 26

Possible wishes are expressed by the present subjunctive with utinam. (With the 3rd person, utinam is often omitted.) Negative: nē.

Question 27

Exhortion (hortatory subjunctive)

Answer 27

An exhortation in the 1st person plural is expressed by the present subjunctive. Negative: nē.

Question 28

Suus vs. ējus and eōrum

Answer 28

Suus is used to refer to the subject of its own clause (direct reflexive). When his, her, its, etc. do not refer to the subject of their own clause, ējus and eōrum are to be used (except in some cases)

Question 29

Suus and suī as indirect reflexives

Answer 29

When a personal pronoun of the 3rd person is in a subordinate purpose clause or indirect question and refers to the subject of the main verb, suī and suus (not is, ea, id or ējus, eōrum) should be used.

Question 30

Formative of the present and imperfect subjunctive passive

Answer 30

Follow the rules for the present and imperfect subjunctive active, then change the final personal signs exactly as was done in the indicative -ō or -m → -r, -s → -ris, etc.

Question 31

Formation of the perfect and pluperfect passive

Answer 31

For all conjugations subjunctive:

1. Find the perfect participle passive.
2. Add, as a seperate word, the proper form of the verb sum (present subjunctive of sum for the perfect tense, imperfect subjunctive of sum for the pluperfect tense).

Question 32

Rule for cum (when) in secondary sequence

Answer 32

In secondary sequence, it usually takes the subjunctive. Use the imperfect or pluperfect subjunctive according to the rule (Grammar 531-533)

Question 33

Ablative of cause

Answer 33

The ablative is sometimes used to express the cause or reason (Grammar 781-784)

Question 34

Definition of a participle

Answer 34

A participle is a verbal adjective. It is an adjective because it can modify a noun. It is a verb because it expresses action. Since it is a verb, it may be modified by an adverb.

Question 35

Definition of demonstrative pronouns

Answer 35

Words that point out the person or thing about which we are talking. They are “pointing-out” words.

Question 36

Words for position of hic, haec, hoc

Answer 36

Rules for Position: hic, haec, hoc generally precedes the noun int modifies

Question 37

Uses of demonstrative pronouns

Answer 37

1. As pronouns (rule of agreement, Grammar 479)
2. As adjectives (rules of agreement, Grammar 477-478)

Question 38

Hic and ille used in contrast

Answer 38

Hic refers to the thing that is closer or that has been mentioned more recently (the latter); ille refers to the thing that is farther away or that has been mentioned previously (the former)

Question 39

Ablative of separation

Answer 39

With verbs and adjectives of separating, freeing, depriving, and the like (Grammar 766-768):

1. With things: use the ablative without a preposition.
2. With persons: use the ablative with dē, ex, or ab.

Question 40

Rule for the formation of possum

Answer 40

The present tenses are formed:

1. By prefixing pos- to any form of sum beginning with an s.
2. By prefixing pot- to all other forms of sum.

The perfect tenses are formed with the usual endings on the perfect stem, potu-.

Question 41

Formation of present infinitive passive

Answer 41

Add the following endings to the present stem:

1st = -ārī

2nd = -ērī

3rd = -ī

4th = -īrī

Question 42

Definition and use of an infinitive

Answer 42

The infinitive is a neuter verbal noun. As a noun it is used as subject, predicate noun, or object. The infinitive is always neuter. As a verb the infinitive has tense, take objects, and is modified by adverbs and adverbial phrases.

Question 43

When the infinitive is not used in Classical Latin

Answer 43

The infinitive is not used in Classical Latin to express purpose.