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Pre-Med 2022-2023 > GHM L7 > Flashcards

GHM L7 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the location of the pancreas

A

Abdominal, behind stomach
15 cm long

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2
Q

Describe the anatomy of the pancreas

A

3 parts:

Head (points into the inner curvature of the duodenum)
Body (longest part, the main pancreatic duct and the accessory pancreatic duct run through the body)
Tail - adjascent to spleen

Pancreas opens into the duodenum

Has lobules

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3
Q

How does the hepatopancreatic ampulla form?

A

When common bile duct joins with main pancreatic duct

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4
Q

State the secretory cells in the pancreas

A
  1. Duct cells
  2. Acinar cells
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5
Q

What is the function of acinar cells ?

A
  1. Secrete digestive enzymes
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6
Q

What is the function of duct cells?

A

Secrete bicarbonates

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7
Q

What does pancreatic juice consist of?

A

Digestive enzymes (proteases, lipases, nucleases, amylases) and bicarbonates (HCO3-)

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8
Q

State which hormones control the formation of pancreatic juice

A

CCK - stimulates acinar cells to release digestive enzymes
Secretins - stimulate duct cells to release bicarbonates

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9
Q

State what stimulates the release of CCK?

A

TG, FA, AA

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10
Q

State what stimulates the release of secretin?

A

acidic chyme

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11
Q

What are the 3 types of cells present in the islet of langerhan in the pancreas consist of?

A
  1. Alpha cells - (glucagon producing)
  2. Beta cells - (insulin producing)
  3. Acinar cells - (exocrine)
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12
Q

State the function of bicarobonates in pancreatic juice

A

Neutralise acidic chyme
Balance the acid from the stomach

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13
Q

Pancreatic proteases

A

Pancreatic proteases are released as zymogens

Zymogens are then activated in the small intestine

For example, trysinogen is activated into trypsin by enteropeptidase

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14
Q

Amylases, nucleases, lipases

A

Do not need to be activated, they are secreted inrto duodenum in active form

They just need

Ions / bile

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15
Q

State the endocrine function of the pancreas

A

Occurs in islet of langerhans

  • Alpha cells - secrete glucagon
    -Beta cells - secrete insulin
    -Delta cells - somatostatin
  • PP cells - secrete pancreatic polypeptide - regulation of gastric secretions
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16
Q

State the exocrine function of the pancreas

A

Release of fluid (pancreatic juice) via pancreatic ducts onto epithelial surface of duodenum

Digestive enzymes
-Proteases
-Lipases
-Nuclueases
-Carboxypeptidases

Bicarbonates (HCO3-)

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17
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

Blood glucose homeostasis (reducing blood glucose levels)

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18
Q

How is insulin secreted ?

A

Beta cells, islets of langerhans, to TARGET ORGANS

  • Muscle / skeletal tissue
    -Liver
    -Adipose tissue
19
Q

How does insulin act on its target organs?

A

Muscle Tissue:

Increases gluocse uptake from blood - converts glucose to glygen - glycogenesis
Increase amino acid uptake from blood - to form protein (protein synthesis)
Decreased glycogen + protein breakdown

Liver

Increased glucose uptake from blood to produce glycogen - glycogenesis
Decreased rate of glycogenolysis - glycogen to glucose
Increased TAG synthesis
Decreased ketone formation
Decreased protein + TAG breakdown

Adipose tissue

Increased uptake of glucose from blood, leading to fat production (increased TAG synthesis, decreased TAG breakdown)

20
Q

State the function of glucagon

A

Blood glucose homeostasis - increases glucose conc

21
Q

How is glucagon secreted?

A

Alpha cells in islets of Langerhans
To target hormone - Liver

22
Q

How does glucagon act on its target hormone?

A

Liver:

Increases glycogenolysis (glycogen - glucose), increase conc of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase

Increases fatty acid uptake and glycerol uptake to form glucose

Decreases glycognesis - therefore, decreases conc of enzyme glycogen synthethase

23
Q

Why is blood glucose level controlled in a counter regulatory manner?

A

Because the actions of insulin and glucagon oppose each other

24
Q

Explain the counter-regulatory control of blood glucose homeostasis

A

Glucagon release is inhibited when insulin is released / presence of insulin

Glucagon is released when no insulin
-Starvation
-Exercise
-Stress

25
Q

Why is glucagon released during times of starvation exercise/starvation/stress?

A

In these times, low blood glucose levels
Glucagon is secreted by alpha cells in the islets of Langerhans to its target organ - liver

It mobilises glucose stores (glycogen) and provides glucose to muscles during exercise

26
Q

Describe how insulin is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism

A

Insulin is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism in response to low levels of glucose upon insulin secretion

Diagram L7

27
Q

Describe how glucagon is controlled by negative feedback

A

Glucagon is controlled by negative feedbackl in response to high glucose levels upon glucagon secretion

Diagram L7

28
Q

Explain the role of the nervous system of blood glucose levels

A

Parasympathetic nervous system innervates the islets of Langerhans

-neurotransmitter - ACh
-Stimulates insulin secretion

Sympathetic nervous system innervates islets of Langerhans

-Neurotransmitter - Noradrenaline
-Stimulates glucagon release
-Inhibits insulin release

29
Q

State two other hormones involved in glucose regulation

A

Glucocorticoids

Somatostatins

30
Q

State the function of glucocorticoids

A

Cortisol - secreted by adrenal cortex

Function:

Increases gluconeogensis

Decreases glucose utilziation by cells

Increases release of fatty acids by adipose cells

31
Q

State the function of somatostatins

A

Decreases insulin and glucagon secretion

32
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A
  1. Decreased sensitivity of cells to insulin
  2. Insulin deficiency
  3. Complete lack of insulin
33
Q

What is the cause of Type 1 diabetes?

A

IDDM - insulin dependent diabetes mellitus

34
Q

State the cause of gestational diabetes
What other complications can it lead to?

A

Pregnant women, No prior diabetes

Natural - interference with insulin receptors

Persistant hypergylcemia - increased risk of big baby syndrome macrosomia - miscarriage
Recovery usually follows delivery

35
Q

Why must insulin be administered
by injection and not orally?

A

Insulin is a peptide hormone and therefore, can be destroyed by gastric acid in the stomach

36
Q

Why may insulin treatment itself be
hazardous?

A

Hypoglycemoa

37
Q

State pathologies related to the pancreas

A
  1. Pancreatic cancer
  2. Acute / chronic pancreatitis
  3. Cystic fibrosis
  4. Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
38
Q

State a common cause of acute pancreatitis

A

Gall stones (and high triglyceride levels)

39
Q

State a common cause of chronic pancreatitis

A

Alcohol (and high triglyceride levels)

40
Q

State the two types of pancreatic cancers

A

Exocrine cancer
Neuroendocrine cancer

41
Q

State a cause of pancreatic exocrine cancer

A

Acinar cell carcinoma
Leads to increase in production of digestive enzymes

42
Q

State a cause of pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer

A

Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PaNETP) - benign / malignant

Can be functioning / non-functioning

Functioning - produce hormones: insulin (insulinomas), gastrone (gastrinomas),

43
Q

Why can pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer be dangerous?

A

Often has late diagnosis

Pre-Med 2022-2023 (57 decks)

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