Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

1st yr-Med 2022-2023 > GHM L6 > Flashcards

GHM L6 Flashcards

1
Q

State the functions of the liver

A

-Bile production
-Processes nutrient-rich blood in hepatic portal system
-Detoxifies the blood
-Stores glycogen
-Produces foetal erythrocytes
-Produces amino acids, lipids and more complicated carbohydrates
-produces proteins (blood-clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the position of the liver

A

Immediately inferior to diaphragm
Right side of midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is the liver protcected?

A

RIB CAGE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ANATOMY OF THE LIVER

A

RIGHT AND LEFT HEPATIC DUCTS OF LIVER
CYSTIC DUCT
BARE AREA (touches diaghragm, not covered by visceral peritoneum)
-Sternum
-Nipple
-LIVER

RIGHT LOBE OF LIVER - VISBLE FROM ALL ASPECTS
Gallbladder

Round Ligament - remenants of foetal umbilical vein

Left Lobe of liver

Falciform ligament - mesentry - separates both lobes, suspends liver from diaphargm and anterioir body wall

PORTA HAPATIS - contains hepatic artery (left) and heparitc portal vein (right) from lesser omentum

QUADRATE LOBE OF LIVER

CAUDATE LOBE OF LIVER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe the segments of the liver

A

8 segments, clockwise from the caudate lobe
Each section has its own branches of portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the microscopic anatomy of the liver

A

Lobule
Central vein
Connective tissue septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the liver lobule

A

WHAT TO RECOGNISE ON DIAGRAM:

  1. Hepatic macrophages
  2. Sinusoids
  3. Hepatocyte plates
  4. Bile canaliculi
  5. Bile duct
  6. Fenestrated lining of sinusoids
  7. PORTAL TRIAD - portal venule, portal arteriole, bile duct
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Descibr the structure and function of the hepatic macrophages

A

-Stellate, star shaped
-Remove bacteria and damaged erythrocytes from blood
-In sinusoids (sinusoid wall)

RECOGNSISE ON DIAGRAM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

State the function of the hepatic artery

A

Provides oxygen rich blood to liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

State the function of hepatic portal vein

A

Supplies nutrient rich blood to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Histology of Liver Lobule

A

-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

State functions of hepatocytes

A

Produce bile

Storage of fat-soluble vitamins (VIT A)

Convert ammonia to urea

Protein synthesis

Glycogen synthesis

SECRETE GROWTH FACTORS IF LIVER IS INJURED

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

State functions of the gallbladder

A

STORAGE OF BILE, CONCENTRATE THE BILE
MUCOSA FOLDS OF GALLBLADDER EXPAND +TO FILL
THIS MUCOSA THEN CONTRACTS TO EXPEL THE CONTENTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

State which type of epithelium is present in the gallbladder

A

Simple columnar epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the structure of the gallbladder

A

HAS A BRUSH BORDER OF MICROVILLI
HAS A LAMINA PROPRIA
HAS A MUSCULAR LAYER
HAS A SEROSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe how the structure of the gallbladder is similar to that of the intestinal absoptive cells. Also state the differences

A

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
BRUSH BORDER OF MICROVILLI
HAS LAMINA PROPRIA
HAS A MUSCULAR LAYER
HAS A SEROSA

GALL BLADDER DOES NOT HAVE MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

17
Q

Describe the compoosition of bile

A
  1. BILE SALTS (e.g. cholic acid)
    This emulsifies fats, RECYCLED via enterohepatic circulation
  2. BILE PIGMENTS - bilirubin
    Product of heamoglobin breakdown
    Metabolised by gut flora
    bilirubin is broken down into sterocobilin which gives faeces its brown colour
  3. Cholestrol

excess cholestrol is excreted in bile
this cholestrol is form:

-triglycerides
-phospholipids
-electrolytes

18
Q

Describe the enterohaptic circulation of bile acids

A

Bile acids synthesised, secreted into bile, stored in gallbladder

Some circulated from CHOLANGIOCYTES (epithelial cells of bile duct) back into liver

19
Q

Describe enterohepatic circulation after a meal

A

After meal, bile acids excreted to intestines

Some passively absorbed in upper intestines

Most reasbrobed in terminal ileum through sodium dependant salt transporter
(in epithelium/enterocytes of ileum)
where it is transported to blood then back to liver via hepatic portal system

Process happens many times a day

20
Q

How much bile is recycled and what happens to the rest?

A

MOSTLY recirculated back to liver

OR

very little lost in FAECEL EXCRETION

very little in SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION, (WHICH IS CLEARED IN URINE)

21
Q

Describe the mechanisms promoting secretion and release

A
  1. Chyme enters duodenum
  2. Causes release of CCK + secretin from duodenal enteroendocrine cells
  3. CCK + secretins enter blood stream
  4. CCK stimulates secretion of enzyme-rich pancreatic juice
  5. Secretin stimulates secretion of bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice
  6. Bile salts + secretin transported to in bloodtsream to stimulate liver to produce bile more rapidly
  7. CCK causes gallbladder to contract, hepatopanreatic sphincter to relax, bile enters duodenum
  8. During celiac + gastric phases, vagal nerve stimulation causes weak contractions of bladder
22
Q

State where cholecystokinin is produced and where it is found

A
  1. Synthesised by enteroendocrine cells
  2. Mostly found in DUODENUM, JEJUNUM
23
Q

State two issues with the secretion of cholecystokinin

A
  1. Anxiogenic (causes anxiety)
  2. Hallucionogenic (causes hallucinations)
24
Q

State hormones involved in hunger and satiety

A

CCK

GHRELIN

GLUCAGON

LEPTIN

INSULIN

ADRENALINE

25
Q

Which nerve fibres are involved in hunger and satiety?

A

VAGAL NERVE FIBRES

26
Q

Describe factors affecting hunger and satiety

A

Blood glucose. When high, there will be a decrease in eating. But, when high, dopamine is also high, therefore, people overeat for pleasure

Blood amino acids - when high, decrease eating

Blood fatty acids, when high, decrease eating / HUNGER

27
Q

Why do people tend to overeat despite them being “full” ?

A

When full, high blood glucose levels
Although this decreases hunger, which should decrease eating, increase in blood glucose, increases dopamine (positve reinforcement, pleasure), they continue to eat more to seek pleasure

28
Q

State 4 patholgies related to the liver

A
  1. Hepatitis
  2. Alcoholic Liver Disase
  3. Cirrhosis
  4. Portal Hypertension
29
Q

State the cause, symptoms and treatment of gallstones

A

Cause:

Excess cholestrol, too less bile salts
This leads to crystallisation

Symptoms
MOST PEOPLE SYMPTOM FREE
PAIN WHILE GALLBLADDER CONTRACTS
BLOCKAGE OF BILE DUCT - LEADS TO JAUNDICE

Treatment

Removal, dissolution, sonication

30
Q

State the cause and symptoms of Hepatitis

A

Hepatitis - inflammation of liver

Cause:
1.Viruses known as HepA - HepF lead to presence of inflammatory cells in liver

  1. Damage caused by drugs, alcohol, autoimmune disease

(PRIMARY) symptoms
-flue-like
-jaundice
-appetite loss
-swelling of liver
-swelling of spleen
-Can be symptom free

can lead to
-CIRRHOSIS
-PORTAL HYPERTENSTION

31
Q

State the two types of hepatitis

A

Acute (Hep A)

Chronic (Hep B)

32
Q

State the risk factors of alcoholic liver disease

A

Gender: 2x more likely for women

Drinking without food (alcohol)

Diet: Low Vit A + E

Genes - hereditery

33
Q

Describe how alcoholic liver disease occurs

A
  1. Long term excessive alcohol consumption
  2. Excessive alcohol leads to accumulation of fatty acids in liver cells (FATTY LIVER)
  3. Also leads to TNF-a and IL (inflammatory mediators) being released in response to the liver damage caused by alcohol. This triggers inflammation, damages hepatocytes + other liver cells. Liver cells undergo apoptosis. LEADS TO ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS
  4. Cirrhosis of liver: Inflammation + liver damage = cirrhosis. Formation of scar tissue (FIBROSIS), replaces healthy rissue, disrupts liver function (CIRRHOSIS IS SIGN OF END STAGE ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE) = LIVER F A I L U R E
34
Q

State the causes, symptoms of liver cirrhosis

A

Formation of scar tissue (fibrous) in liver

How does cirrhosis lead to loss of liver function?

  • In cirrhosis, normal healthy liver tissue replaced by excessive connective tissue (scar tissue). Scar tissue regenerates at a faster rate than liver tissue (hepatocytes)
    Hepatocytes are funcional cells of liver

As scar tissue continues to accumulate, disrupts organisation of cells. Affects blood flow, exchange of nutrients and waste products.

35
Q

State the causes, symptoms of portal hypertenstion

A

Inrease in BP in portal venous system

Causes:

  1. Liver cirrhosis: formation of lots of scar tissue (fibrosis). Disrupts blood flow to liver, increases pressure in portal venous system
  2. Due to increased pressure, (due to above), smaller veins in portal venous system ruptured
  3. THROMBOSIS - BLOOD CLOTS within portal venous system

SYMPTOMS:

  1. Vomiting blood (due to bleeding in upper GI tract
  2. Oesophagal verices - enlarged fragile blood vessels, can rupture
  3. Caput Medusae - engorged veins on abdomen (due to increased pressure in portal venous system)
  4. Ascites: Accumulation of fluid in perioneal cavity
36
Q

Give treatment options for liver pathologies

A

PREVENTION of viral infection through vaccination

Liver dialysis - short-term, not fully effective

Liver transplants - most effective

37
Q

What is the issue with liver transplants as a treatment for liver pathologies? Give an alternative

A

Organs are scarce

Tissue engineering

1st yr-Med 2022-2023 (57 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions