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1st yr-Med 2022-2023 > CFB L1 > Flashcards

CFB L1 Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of CV system

A

Closed organ system which circulates blood around the body in two circulations:

  1. Pulmonary circulation
  2. Systemic circulation

Consists of:

  1. Heart
  2. Blood vessels
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2
Q

Function of CV System

A

Circulates blood to lungs and to body

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3
Q

Structure of Heart

A

1.Hollow muscular organ
2.4 chambers, 2 atria (left + right), 2 ventricles (left + right)
3.Rests superior to diaghragm, anterior to veterbral column and posterior to sternum in the mediastinum
4.Positioned between the 2nd rib and 5th intercostal space.
5.Posterior + superior surface of heart = base. Flat surface + points towards right shoulder. POINT OF ATTATCHMENT OF MAJOR GREAT BLOOD VESSELS
6. Anterior + inferior surface of heart = apex towads left of heart. Tapers to a blunt joint

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4
Q

Left Side of Heart

A
  1. High Pressure Side
  2. Acts as pressure pump
  3. Pumps blood into systemic arteries at a sufficient pressure to alloow them to “drive” to body tissues
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5
Q

Right side of Heart

A
  1. Low pressure side
  2. Pumps blood into pulmonary arteries at a relatively lower pressure, “drives” blood into lungs
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6
Q

Structure of the Wall of Heart

A

Wall of heart has 3 layers, surronded by a 2 layer sac

Layer 1: Epicardium
Layer2: Myocardium
Layer3: Endocardium

Two layer sac: pericardium

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7
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer
Consists of

  1. Epithelial cells
  2. Connective tissue

Thin, transparent layer

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8
Q

Mycardium

M - MIDDLE

A

Middle layer, forms bulk of heart

Consists of

Cardiac myscle cells
Rich supply of blood vessels
Nerve fibres

Muscle pumping action

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9
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer

Consists of squamous epithelial cells which overly (spread across) layer of connective tissue therefore, allowing inner layer to join with myocardium.

Inner layer is continous with endothelium of blood vessels entering / leaving heart

Lines chambers of heart + valves

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10
Q

Cardiac Muscle Tissue - Myocardium

A

Consists of cardiomyocytes
Striated - tubular myofibrils with repeating sacomeres containing contractile filaments
Cardiomyocytes have 1 nucleus and many mitochondria, 40% of cell is mitochondria
Adjascent cardiomyocyte cells join together, end to end via interconnected disks (cross bands)
Interconnected disks allow exchange of ions + synchronised muscle contraction of myocardium
CARDIAC MUSCLE WORKS AS A SINGLE FUNCTIONAL SYNCYTIUM

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11
Q

Borders of the Heart

A

Four Borders of the Heart:

  1. Right Border - Formed by right atrium in line with superior + inferior vena cava
  2. Inferioir Border - formed mainly by right ventricle, slightly by right atrium, bear the apex
  3. Left Border - formed mainly by left ventricle, slightly by left atrium
  4. Superior Border - formed by left + righy atria
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12
Q

Structure of the Chambers of the Heart

A

Upper two are atria, lower two are ventricles
SEPTUM - Internal partition, separates atria and ventricles
Inter -atrial septum - separates left and right atria
Inter - ventricular septum - separates left and righy vetricles
The left ventricle is larger + stronger, therefore, dominates inferior posterior part, forms apex
Right ventricle dominates anterior surface
Blood flow to atria + ventricles is controlled by valves between atria + ventricles

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13
Q

DIAGRAM of heart chambers

A

LEFT ATRIUM
LEFT VENTRICLE
RIGHT ATRIUM
RIGHT VENTRICLE
SEPTUM
ATRIOVENTRICULAR VALVES

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14
Q

Right Atrium

A

Upper right chamber of heart
Recieves deoxygenated venous blood from rest of body
Ejects this blood into right ventricle through right atrioventricular opening which is guarded by right atrioventricular valve
Forms right border, superior border + base

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15
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Lower right chamber of heart
Recieves venous deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via tricuspid valve
Pumps this blood through semi lunar pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk where it reaches the lungs for gas exhange
Makes up inferior border

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16
Q

Left Atrium

A

Upper Left Chamber of Heart
Recieves oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins (2 from each lung)
Ejects this blood into the left ventricle through left AV openings guarded via AV valves
Forms superior border

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17
Q

Left ventricle

A

Lower left chamber of heart
Recieves oxygenated blood from left atrium through bicuspid valve
Pumps this blood through semilunar aortic valve into aorta (aortic arch) to rest of body tissues at high pressure through
Makes inferior border + left border
THICKEST OF ALL CHAMBERS

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18
Q

Mitral Valve

A
  • Bicuspid Valve / Left AV valve
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19
Q

Function of Valves

A

Control unidirectional blood flow
Prevent backflow of blood

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20
Q

Types of Valves in heart

A

Right atrioventricular valve: between the right atrium and right ventricle
Left atrioventricular Valve: Between left atrium and left ventricle
Semi-lunar aortic valve - at base of aortic branch
Semi-lunar pulmonary valve - at base of pulmonary trunk
AV valves attached firmly to ventricles like cord like tendons - chordae tendineae
Chordae tendineae attached to papillary muscles, when papillary muscles contract, they produce tension, preventing vavlves from inverting during systole.

21
Q

Diagram showing Chordae Tendineae and Papillary Muscles

A

Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Mitral Valve
Chordae Tendineae
Papillary Muscles

22
Q

Right AV Valve

A

Tricuspid Valve
3 Cusps / leaflets (triangular folds of valve)
Controls blood flow between right atrium and right ventricle

23
Q

Left AV Valve

A

Mitral / Bicuspid Valve
2 Cusps / Leaflets (triangular folds of valve)
Controls blood flow between left atrium and left ventricle

24
Q

Opening / Closing of AV Valves

A

Open when pressure in ventricles lower than pressure in atria - ventricular diastole

Close at same time, which causes first heart sound, S1 LUB

25
Q

Semi-lunar valves

A

Semi-lunar: shaped like a crescent

The 2 semilunar valves are: semilunar aortic valce and semilunar pulmonary valve

Located at base of aorta and pulmonary trunk

Both have 3 cusps

Open when intraventricular pressure is higher than arteriole pressure - ventricular systole

Close when arteriole pressure is higher than intraventricular pressure to prevent backflow of blood from arteries into ventricles - ventricular diastole

When semilunar valves close simultaneously, produces S2, second hear sound “dub”

26
Q

Diagram showing valves

A
  1. Think about the direction of blood flow through the heart
  2. Mitral Valve
  3. Tricuspid Valve
  4. Pulmonary valve
  5. Aortic Valve
27
Q

Cusps of Heart Valves

A

DIAGRAM CFB L1

Pulmonary Valve:

  1. Anterior semi-lunar cusp
  2. Left semi-lunar cusp
  3. Right semi-lunar cusp

Aortic Valve:

  1. Left semi-lunar cusp
  2. Right semi-lunar cusp
  3. Posterior semi-lunar cusp

Mitral Valve / Bicuspid Valve:

Anterior cusp
Posterior cusp

Tricuspid Valve:

Anterior cusp
Posterior cusp
Septal cusp

28
Q

Types of blood vessels

A

3 types of blood vessels - based on structure and function which are then divided into 3 sub types:

  1. Arterial blood vessels ( Elastic arteries, muscular arteries, arterioles)
  2. Venous blood vessels (veins, venules, venous sinuses)
  3. Capillaries (continuous, fenestrated, sinusoids)
29
Q

Blood vessels have 3 layers surrounding the lumen. What are these 3 layers?

A

Tunica interna - inner most layer
ENDOTHELIAL CELLS

Tunica media - medium layer TUNICA INTIMA
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS
Tunica externa - outermost layer TUNICA ADVENTITIA
COLLAGEN FIBRES + FIBROBLASTS

30
Q

Structure of blood vessels

A

Recognise on DIAGRAM

  1. Tunica interna
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa

Look at these layers in both, arteries + veins and see the difference in thickness and proportion of the layers.

Pay attention to the capillary at the bottom, it does not have any of these layers surrounding the vessel lumen. It only has:

Single layer of endothelial cells
Pay attention to endothelial cell nucleus

31
Q

General function of arterial blood vessels

A

To carry oxygenated blood from heart to body tissues.

To carry poorly oxygenated blood from heart to lungs so it can get oxygenated

32
Q

Elastic arteries

A

Elastic Fibres:

-More elastic fibres than any other blood vessel
-Elastic fibres found in tunica media
-Allow artery to stretch / expand + recoil. Expand when blood is ejected from the heart into artery + recoil to push blood forward to other ateries, therefore, aka conducting artery

Large Diamater Lumen

-Low resistance for blood flowing that is pumped by the heart

Large + thick walls, close to the heart

33
Q

Examples of elastic arteries

A
  1. Aorta
  2. Common Carotid
  3. Vertebral
  4. Pulmonary
34
Q

Muscular arteries

A

Smooth Muscle

  1. More smooth muscle than any other vessel
  2. Lots of smooth muscle in tunica media
  3. Smooth muscle allows vasodilation + vasocontriction of arteries which helps control rate of blood flow - important for blood pressure control
  4. aka delivering arteries as they carry blood to different parts of body

Medium sized arteries + Thick walls 1mm

35
Q

Examples of muscular arteries

A
  • Splenic
    -Brachial
    -Radial
36
Q

Arterioles

A

Control blood flow from arteries to capillaries - connect arteries to capillaries

Vasoconstrictions + vasodilations allow arterioles to control rate of blood flow to capillaries - also this helps control blood pressure

Arterioles near arteries consist of 3 layers. They have more smooth muscle than elastic fibre in their tunica media

Arterioles near capillaries only consist of a single layer of endothelial cells with a few surronding muscle fibres

37
Q

Structure of arteriole

A
  1. Endothelium
  2. Smooth Muscle
  3. Elastic fibres
  4. Fibroblasts

RECOGNISE ON DIAGRAM!!!!!!

38
Q

General Function Venous Blood Vessels

A

Carry oxygenated blood from lungs back to heart

Carry poorly oxygenated blood from body tissues to heart

39
Q

Veins

A

Have the 3 layers, tunica interna, tunica media, tunica externa

Tunica interna thinner than arteries

Tunica media thinner than arteries. Less smooth muscle. Therefore, less vasodilations + vasocontrictions

Thickest layer - tunica externa - lots of collagen fibres + elastic fibres

Some veins contain valves to prevent backflow of blood

40
Q

State examples of veins which do not contain valves

A
  1. Batson venous plexus
  2. Thebesian veins
  3. Coronary sinus
41
Q

State the function of venules

A

CONNECT VEINS TO CAPILLARIES

Therefore, allow return of blood from capillary bed into vein

42
Q

State the function of venous sinuses

A

-Thin wall, 1 layer of endothelium

-NO SMOOTH MUSCLE, ELASTIC FIBRES

-Located in BRAIN: Carry deoxyganetd blood from cerebral veins to jugular vein

43
Q

State functions of capillaries

A

Exchange of oxygen, nutrients + waste between blood + cells

44
Q

What is microcirculation?

A

Blood circulation from arterioles to venules through capillaries

45
Q

How are capillaries adapted to their function?

A

Thin walls - single layer endothelium

Distroubted all over body, close to every cell

Higher number in tissues with high metabolic activity as they need more oxygen + nutrients
(e.g. kidney, liver, muscle)

46
Q

State two body tissues which have no capillaries

A

Cornea
Lens

47
Q

State 3 types of capillaries

A
  1. Continuous
  2. Fenestrated
  3. Sinusoid
48
Q

Compare the 3 types of capillaries

A

Continuos - Endothelium + basement membrane continuous - found in skeletal muscle, connective tissue, lungs

Fenestrated - endothelium has small gaps (fenestrations) (kidneys, villi, choroid plexi)

-Sinusoids - endothelium has large gaps, incomplete basement membrne, liver, bone marrow, spleen, anterioir pituitary, parathyroid

49
Q

Diagram comparing 3 types of capillaries

A

LECTURE 1

1st yr-Med 2022-2023 (57 decks)

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