CFB PBL 2

Question 1

Phsyiology and symptoms of hypovolemic shock

Answer 1

Hypovolemic shock: Large loss of blood / fluids.
Prevents organs from getting the oxygen + nutrients they need to function. This can lead to organ failure, fatal.

Symptoms:

• Breathing faster
• Sweating a lot
• Passing out / SYNCOPE
• Cold skin
• Low temp
• Low blood pressure
• FAST PULSE

Question 2

Explain why a patient’s arms and legs may get cold during hypovolemic shock

Answer 2

Hypovolemic shock is where there is a large loss of fluid / blood from the body. Therefore, organs do not get the oxygen and nutrients they need to function. This can lead to organ failure and therefore, can be fatal.

The body tries fo fight this demand for oxygen, it makes the brain the top priority and therefore, arms and legs get cold

Question 3

State causes of hypovolemic shock

Answer 3

Traumatic injury
Surgery
Ectopic pregnancy
Burst aneurysm
GI problems e.g. ulcer

Question 4

Physiology of cardiogenic shock

Answer 4

Large reduction in cardiac output
therefore, decreased blood flow + oxygen delivery to vital organs

Causes:
- Cardiac muscle disease
-Cardiac valve disease
- Sustained arrhythmias
- Ischaemic coronary artery disease
- Reperfusion injury
- myocardial infacrion - heart attack MOST COMMON CAUSE
- Cardiac tamponade - Accumulation of fluid in pericardial sac - impairs ventricular filling, therefore, reduces cardiac output, therefore, impaired organ perfusion

Question 5

State symptoms of cardiogenic shock

Answer 5

• Trouble breathing
• Sweating a lot
• Passing out / SYNCOPE
• Cold skin, cold hands, feet
• Low blood pressure
• slow / weak PULSE

Question 6

Physiology of septic shock

Answer 6

• Subset of sepsis (organ damage due to bacterial infection)
• leads to very low blood pressure
• affects metabolism, circulation

CAUSES:

• Organ damage
  -Tissue death (gangrene), which leads to amputations due to abnormal blood clotting
  -Respiratory failure
  -heart failure

Question 7

State symptoms of septic shock

Answer 7

1) Early signs of SEPSIS:

-Fast heart rate
-Fever / hypothermia ( low body temp)
-Shaking / chills
-Walm / sweaty skin
-Hyperventilation - rapid breathing

2)When SEPSIS turns into septic shock
- Very low blood pressure
-Lightheadedness
-Little, no urine output
-Skin rash
-Cool, pale limbs (hands, arms, legs)

Question 8

Physiological effects of blood loss on CV system

Answer 8

• Decrease blood volume, drop in arterial BP
  -So, decreased cardiac output - heart pumps less blood per min due to decreased blood volume
  -Increased heart rate - this is in response to decrease in blood volume and cardiac output, to maintain adequate blood flow to vital organs
  -This happens via barroreceptors and chemoreceptors reflexes
  -ALSO, CONSTRICTION OF BLOOD VESSELS: due to barroreceptor, chemoreceptor reflexes, maintains blood pressure / adequate blood flow to vital organs , also reduce further blood loss.
  -RAAS ACTIVATION: vasopressin + catecholamine release

Question 9

Phyiological effects of acute pain on the CV system

Answer 9

Acute pain -> sympathetic hyperactvity