BMC L3 Flashcards
Cerebrum + Limbic System
DIAGRAM L3 - RECOGNISE THEM!!!
Embroyinic brain development
Brain + spinal cord start as an embroyonic structure known as the neural tube.
Neural tube has 3 primary brain vesicles (3 week embryo)
- Prosencephalon - Forebrain
- Mesencephalon - Midbrain
- Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain
These 3 primary brain vesicles develop into 5 secondary brain vesicles: (5 week embryo)
Prosencephalon - Telencephalon (endbrain)
Diencephalon (interbrain)
Mesencephalon - undivided
Rhombencephalon - metencephalon (after brain)
Mylencephalon (spinal brain)
5 secondary brain vesicles develop rapidly into major structures of adult brain:
Telencephalon- cerebrum
Diencephalon- Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina
Midbrain - remains undivided
Metencephalon- Pons, cerebellum
Mylencephalon - Medulla
Neural Tube Defects
- Spina Bifida
Leads to paralysis, issues with bladder + bowel control
NEURAL TUBE FAILS TO CLOSE PROPERLY
2. Anencephaly: born without head, brain, skull
Incompatible with life
Causes of Neural Tube Defects
1.(Maternal?) Folate deficiency
2. Maternal diabetes
3. Maternal obesity
4. (Maternal?) Smoking
How to test for neural tube defects?
Maternal alpha-foetal protein test
Level of maternal alpha foetal protein in blood
How to prevent neural tube defects?
0.4 mg folic acid before pregnancy
1 mg during pregnancy
4 mg if prioir neural tube defect (if neural tube defect has happened)
Organisation of the brain
DIAGRAM - RECOGNISE:
- CEREBRUM - FOREBAIN - ALL OF IT - THE 4 LOBES
-BRAINSTEM
-CEREBELLUM- HINDBRAIN
What is the cerebrum composed of?
1.Cerbral cortex
2.Basal Ganglia
3. Olfactory Bulb
4. Hippocampus
What is the frontal lobe responsible for?
Mood
Muscle movement
Aggression
Smell
MOTIVATION
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
Touch
Temp
Taste
Balance
PAIN
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
Hearing
Smell
Memory
Judgement
Abstract thoughts
What is the occipital lobe responsible for?
Vision
What happens if the frontal lobe is damaged?
Can lead to schizophrenia / psychotic episodes
What happens if the parietal lobe is damaged?
If one side is damaged, (trauma), leads to contralateral hemi spatial neglect
What happens if the temporal lobe is damaged?
Epilepsy
What happens if the occipital lobe is damaged?
Loss of vision
Describe the structure of the cerebral cortex
Gray matter surface of cortex - outer layer of cerebrum.
Consists of:
- Longitudinal fissure
- Gyri
- Sulci
- Corpus Callosum
Longitudinal fissure
Seperates the 2 cerebral hemispheres
Gyri (1 gyrus)
Outward folds
Sulci (1 sulcus)
Inward grooves