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1st yr-Med 2022-2023 > BMC L3 > Flashcards

BMC L3 Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum + Limbic System

A

DIAGRAM L3 - RECOGNISE THEM!!!

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2
Q

Embroyinic brain development

A

Brain + spinal cord start as an embroyonic structure known as the neural tube.

Neural tube has 3 primary brain vesicles (3 week embryo)

  1. Prosencephalon - Forebrain
  2. Mesencephalon - Midbrain
  3. Rhombencephalon - Hindbrain

These 3 primary brain vesicles develop into 5 secondary brain vesicles: (5 week embryo)

Prosencephalon - Telencephalon (endbrain)
Diencephalon (interbrain)
Mesencephalon - undivided
Rhombencephalon - metencephalon (after brain)
Mylencephalon (spinal brain)

5 secondary brain vesicles develop rapidly into major structures of adult brain:

Telencephalon- cerebrum
Diencephalon- Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, retina
Midbrain - remains undivided
Metencephalon- Pons, cerebellum
Mylencephalon - Medulla

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3
Q

Neural Tube Defects

A
  1. Spina Bifida

Leads to paralysis, issues with bladder + bowel control
NEURAL TUBE FAILS TO CLOSE PROPERLY
2. Anencephaly: born without head, brain, skull

Incompatible with life

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4
Q

Causes of Neural Tube Defects

A

1.(Maternal?) Folate deficiency
2. Maternal diabetes
3. Maternal obesity
4. (Maternal?) Smoking

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5
Q

How to test for neural tube defects?

A

Maternal alpha-foetal protein test
Level of maternal alpha foetal protein in blood

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6
Q

How to prevent neural tube defects?

A

0.4 mg folic acid before pregnancy
1 mg during pregnancy
4 mg if prioir neural tube defect (if neural tube defect has happened)

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7
Q

Organisation of the brain

A

DIAGRAM - RECOGNISE:

  • CEREBRUM - FOREBAIN - ALL OF IT - THE 4 LOBES
    -BRAINSTEM
    -CEREBELLUM- HINDBRAIN
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8
Q

What is the cerebrum composed of?

A

1.Cerbral cortex
2.Basal Ganglia
3. Olfactory Bulb
4. Hippocampus

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9
Q

What is the frontal lobe responsible for?

A

Mood
Muscle movement
Aggression
Smell
MOTIVATION

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10
Q

What is the parietal lobe responsible for?

A

Touch
Temp
Taste
Balance
PAIN

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11
Q

What is the temporal lobe responsible for?

A

Hearing
Smell
Memory
Judgement
Abstract thoughts

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12
Q

What is the occipital lobe responsible for?

A

Vision

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13
Q

What happens if the frontal lobe is damaged?

A

Can lead to schizophrenia / psychotic episodes

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14
Q

What happens if the parietal lobe is damaged?

A

If one side is damaged, (trauma), leads to contralateral hemi spatial neglect

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15
Q

What happens if the temporal lobe is damaged?

A

Epilepsy

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16
Q

What happens if the occipital lobe is damaged?

A

Loss of vision

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17
Q

Describe the structure of the cerebral cortex

A

Gray matter surface of cortex - outer layer of cerebrum.

Consists of:

  1. Longitudinal fissure
  2. Gyri
  3. Sulci
  4. Corpus Callosum
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18
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

Seperates the 2 cerebral hemispheres

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19
Q

Gyri (1 gyrus)

A

Outward folds

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20
Q

Sulci (1 sulcus)

A

Inward grooves

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21
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Connects to cerebral hemispheres

22
Q

3 areas of Cerebral Cortex

A
  1. Sensory area - processes sensory impulses
  2. Motor area - Controls muscular movement
  3. Association areas - processes emotions + intellect
23
Q

Gyri of the cerebral cortex

A

Precentral Gyrus
-contains primary motor cortex
-located in frontal lobe

Postcentral Gyrus
-contains primary somatic sensory cortex
-located in parietal lobe

BE ABLE TO RECOGNISE IN DIAGRAM

24
Q

What is the hippocampus responsible for?

A
  1. Spatial navigation
  2. Consolidation of info
  3. Short term + long term memory

PART OF LIMBIC SYSTEM

25
Q

Limbic System

A

Hippocampus with a HAT:

  1. Hippocampus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Amygdala
  4. Thalamus

RECOGNISE THESE ALL ON DIAGRAM

26
Q

Thalamus

A

Responsible for:
Sleep
Wakefulness
Alertness

Also, relays sensory and motor signals

27
Q

Hypothalmus

A

Controls + intergrates autonomic nervous system

Controls pituitary gland and links the endocrine system to the nervous systems

Recieves sensory impulses from internal body organs

28
Q

Brain Stem

A
  1. Midbrain
  2. Pons
  3. Medulla
29
Q

Midbrain

A

Sensory + Motor function
Responsible for reflex movement of head, eyeball + trunk

30
Q

Pons

A

Connect brain + spinal cord
Connect different parts of brain
Helps control breathing

31
Q

Medulla

A

Connect brain + spinal cord

Helps control breathing / ventilation (respiratory centre)

Cardiovascular centre (sympathetic + parasympathetic NS) - regulation of cardiac output/ heart rate

Reflex centre - vomiting, coughing, sneezing, swallowing

Motor fibres

Vasomotor centre - barrorecetprs - regulation of heart rate

32
Q

Hemispheric Lateralisation

A

The right side of brain controls left side of body and left side of brain controls right side of bod

Lateralisation - division of labour between the two hemisphere

33
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

Responsible for:

  1. General interpretation and speech centres (Wenricke, Broca)
  2. Language skills
  3. Cerebral dominance is left in 80% of people
34
Q

Right hemisphere

A

Responsible for:

Spatial awareness
Analysis

35
Q

Language formation areas

A

Broca’s area
Wenricke’s area

Found in left hemisphere of right handed individuals

36
Q

Lesions to Broca’s area or Wenricke’s area

A

These are language formation areas in the left hemisphere of right handed individuals.

Therefore, lesions can lead to failure to comprehend or speaking disorders

37
Q

Corrosponding areas (to language formation areas) in the right hemisphere

A

Responsible for emotional responses to language.

Lesions can lead to

  1. Emotionless speech
  2. Failure to understand jokes
38
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Sevral interconnecting neurones linking the two cerebral hemispheres.

Majority of these neurones are found in corpus callosum

Corpus Callosum cut as treatment for epilepsy
This leads to split brain personality

39
Q

Example of hemispheric assymetry

A

Superior motor coordination of right hand

Most CNS structures are

  1. Bilateral
  2. Symmetrical
40
Q

Split Brain Patient

A
  1. If you show them image in left field of view they cannot name it:

-Image seen on left field of view is only sent to right side of brain
- Speech centre is in left side of brain
-Communication between hemispheres inhibited

If they touch an object with left hand without seeing it, they cannot name it:

-Each cerebral hemisphere has a tactile representation of the opposite side of body
-Speech centre is in left side of brain
-Communication between hemispheres is inhibited

41
Q

Alpha Waves

A

8-13 Hz

  • Regular + ryhtmic
    -Low amplitude
    -Synchronous

Represent “idling” brain, wake but relaxed. Resting with eyes closed

42
Q

Beta Waves

A

14-30 Hz

  • Less regular
    -Awake, alert, concentrating, anxious
43
Q

Theta waves

A

4-7 Hz

-Very irregular
-Common in children, uncommon in adults
- Trying to supress an action

44
Q

Delta Waves

A

Less than 4 Hz

HIGH AMPLITUDE WAVES

“D” for Deep Sleep

  • Deep sleep
  • Reticular activating system = damped
    -Brain Damage
    -Anesthesia
45
Q

State how brain waves are shown and studied

A

Scalp electrodes used on patient, produce
EEG - electroencephalogram - measure brain wave activity

Brain waves classed into groups based on frequency (alpha, beta, theta, delta)

46
Q

State what a flat EEG indicates

A

Death

47
Q

State which factors affect brain waves

A
  1. Age
  2. Sensory stimuli
  3. Brain disease
  4. Chemical state of the body
48
Q

Explain consciousness

A

Consciouss perception of sensation
Higher mental processing - judgement, memory
Volunrary movement etc

49
Q

What does a loss of conscious indicate?

A

Brain impairment / brain damage

Loss of conscious is:
-syncope (fainting)

50
Q

State the effects of sleep deprivation

A

-reduces immune function
-moody
-depressed

51
Q

Describe 3 sleep disorders

A

Narcolepsy
-lapsing abrubrlt into sleep from the awake state
Insomnia
-chronic inability to obtain the amount of quality sleep needed
Sleep apnoa
-temporary cessation of breathing during sleep

1st yr-Med 2022-2023 (57 decks)

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