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1st yr-Med 2022-2023 > GHM L5 > Flashcards

GHM L5 Flashcards

1
Q

Diagram of Adrenal Gland

A

Diagram L5

-Capsule
-Zona Glomerulosa
-Zona Fasiculata
-Zona reticularis
-Medulla

Transverse section

-Capsule
-Cortex
-Medulla

Adrenal gland situated above kidney

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2
Q

Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands? State the function of these hormones and exactly where they are produced in the adrenal glands

A

ZONA GLOMERULOSA - MINERLCORTICOIDS

ZONA FASICULATA - GLUCOCORTICOIDS

ZONA RETICULARIS - ANDROGENS

ADRENAL MEDULLA - CATECHOLAMINES

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3
Q

State the 3 sections of the adrenal cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasiculata
Zona reticularis

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4
Q

State the functions of mineralcorticoids

A

MINERAL BALANCE REGULATION (influence salt + water balances)

ALDOSTERONE - primary mineralcorticoid

Mineralcorticoids are corticosterioids (class of steroid hormones)

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5
Q

State the function of glucocorticoids

A

Regulation of glucose metabolism

CORTISOL

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6
Q

State the function of androgens

A

Stimulate virilization / masculinisation

DHEA

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7
Q

State the function of catecholamines

A

Stimulate ANS
ADRENALINE

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8
Q

Give an example of a primary mineralcorticoid

A

Aldosterone

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9
Q

What are corticosteroid hormones ?

A

Mineralcortioids, Glucocorticoids

Class of steroid hormones

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10
Q

Describe the steps leading to aldosterone release in the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone produced by zola glomerulosa in adrenal glands

CRH - produced in PVN nucleus
Released from neurosecretory terminals of neurons

Into the anterior pituitary gland

Stimulates corticotropes to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

ACTH stimulates synthesis of cortisol, glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids - e.g. aldosterone

STRESS causes HYPOTHALAMUS to release CRH
CRH to anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitry produces ACTH, goes to adrenal cortex
ADRENAL CORTEX produces ALDOSTERONE

ALDOSTERONE - increases water + Na+ absorption
Increases K+ excretion
Increase blood vol therefore, increase BP

REFER TO DIAGRAM L5

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11
Q

State the function of aldosterone and how it carries this out

A

Increase Na+ + water retention
Lower K+ conc
SECRETION OF H+ IN EXCHANGE FOR K+ (acid/base balane)

HOW?

-

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12
Q

State how the function of aldosterone is regulated

A

Low Blood Vol
Low BP
Low Na+
High K+

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13
Q

Describe the steps leading to cortisol release in the adrenal cortex

A

Stress stimulates PVN nucleus in hypothalamus to produce CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone) into anterioir pituitary gland

Stimulates corticotropes in anterior pituitray glands to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) into adrenal cortex

ACTH binds to receptors causes increase in cAMP
activation of kinases by phosphorylation
Increase in cholestrol esterase activity
Increase levels of free cholestrol, converted to pregenolone
This is the rate limiting step in steroid biosynthesis

ACTH stimulates synthesis of cortisol in adrenal cortex, cortisol released by adrenal cortex into blood

-Blood glucose levels
-Gluconeogenesis
-Immune response
-Blood pressure, Heart Rate
-CNS activation

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14
Q

State the functions of cortisol and how these functions are regulated

A

Maintenane of blood pressure
Slow immune system inflammatory response
Maintenance of blood glucose levels
Foetal surfactant

-STRESS
-STARVATION
-AEROBIC EXERCISE

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15
Q

State the cause and symptoms of Addison’s disease

A

PRIMARY ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY

Redcued ACTH produced, therefore, INSUFICCIENT MINERALCORTICOIDS + CORTISOL

SYMPTOMS:

-skin darkening (melanocyte-stimulating hormone + ACTH share a precursor)

-LOW BLOOD PRESSURE

-SYNCOPE (LOSS OF CONSCIUSNESS + ABILITY TO STAND)

-HYPOGLYCEMIA

-SEVERE LETHARGY

-SEVERE VOMITING + DIARRHOEA, RESULTING IN DEHYDRATION

-HYPONATREMIA - LOW SODIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD

-HYPERALKAEMIA - ELEVATED BLOOD POTASSIUM LEVELS

-HYPERCALCEMIA - ELEVATED CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD

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16
Q

State a treatment of Addison’s disease

A

STEROID REPLACEMENT

17
Q

State two steroidal sex hormones

A

Oestradiol - type of oestrogen
Testosterone

18
Q

State the functions of oestrogen

A

SECONDAY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTCS
REDUCES BOWEL MOTILITY
INCREASES PLATELET ADHESION
SUPPORTS ALVEOLI
CARDIO-PROTECTIVE
REDUCES BONE RESORPTION
IN MALES ONLY: REDUCES APOPTOSIS OF GERM CELLS
SALT + WATER RETENTION
INCREASED GROWTH HORMONE

19
Q

State the functions of testosterone

A

SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERITSICS
ANABOLIC - MUSCLE, BONE MASS INCREASED
LIBIDO

20
Q

State the causes and symptoms androgen insensitivity syndrome

A
  • Born phenotypically FEMALE
    -Can be present at puberty because of absent menarche (absence of menstrual periods)
    -BODY CANNOT RESPOND TO ANDROGENS
    -GONADS NOT OVARIES BUT TESTES
21
Q

Why does the zona glomerulosa only produce aldosterone?

A
  • Cells in Zona glomerulosa conatain specific receptors for angiotensin II
    -These receptors stimulate the production and release of aldosterone from zona glomerulosa cells
  • Cells in zona glomerulosa contain specific enzymes + transporters allowing them to selectiviely produce + secrete aldosterone

-e.g. aldosterone synthase

22
Q

Describe the steps leading to aldosterone release in the adrenal cortex

A

Aldosterone produced by zola glomerulosa in adrenal glands

CRH - produced in PVN nucleus
Released from neurosecretory terminals of neurons

Into the anterior pituitary gland

Stimulates corticotropes to secrete adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

ACTH stimulates synthesis of cortisol, glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids - e.g. aldosterone

STRESS causes HYPOTHALAMUS to release CRH
CRH to anterior pituitary
Anterior pituitry produces ACTH, goes to Dtadrenal cortex
ADRENAL CORTEX produces ALDOSTERONE

ALDOSTERONE - increases water + Na+ absorption
Increases K+ excretion
Increase blood vol therefore, increase BP

REFER TO DIAGRAM L5

23
Q

State the function of the adrenal medulla

A

Secretion of catecholamines (dopamine, adrenaline, noradrenaline)

Composed of chromaffin cells - specialised cells in adrenal medulla - secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline
Chromaffin cells convert tyrosine (which is an amino acid
into catecholamines

ANS controls the above process, so, if ANS is activated, the above process is sped up, more catecholamine (adrenaline) released faster

Adrenaline &raquo_space; noradrenaline

PDE breaks down the catecholamines

24
Q

State the functions of dopamine

A
  • Cognitive control + memory
  • Reward perception (primary mediator)
  • Positive reinforcement
  • Motor system function
  • Sexual arousal, orgasm
25
Q
A

Tyrosine

then

L - DOPA

then

DOPAMINE

then

NORADRENALINE

then

ADRENALIE

26
Q

State the functions of - Adrenaline, noradrenaline

A
  • Pupil dilation
    -Heart rate increased, focrce up
    -Bronchodilation
    -Skeletal muscle vasodilation
    -GI smooth muscle constriction
    -Peristalsis down
    -increased renin secretion
    -Ejaculation
    -Sweat secretion
27
Q

State 5 examples of adrenal gland diseases

A
  1. Pheochromocytoma
  2. Cushing’s syndrome
    3.Addison’s disease
  3. Adrenal Virilism
  4. Waterhouse-Friderischsen Syndrome
28
Q

State the cause and symptoms of pheochromocytoma

A

Tumour of adrenal medulla
Increased adrenaline, noradnrelins ecretion

SYMPTOMS:
-HEADACHE
-HYPERTENSATION
-TACHYCARDIA
-ANXIETY / PANIC
-STROKE
-EYE DAMAGE
-KIDNEY DAMAGE

29
Q

State the cause and symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome - TREATMENT

A

Excess glucocorticoids, cortisol from adrenal cortex
due to tumour (ADENOMOA) - excess ACTH
TOO MUCH STRESS, TO MUCH ACTH

SYMPTOMS:
-moodiness
-fat gain
-muscle/bone weakness
-immune suppression
-hyperglycemia
-diabetes mellitus

TREATMENT:
REMOVE ADRENAL GLAND
REMOVE TUMOUR
STEROID REPLACEMENT THERAPY

30
Q

State the cause and symptoms of Addison’s disease- TREATMENT

A

Autoimmune destruction of adrenal cortex
Too little aldosterone and cortisol

Symptoms:
LESS ALDOSTERONE LEADS TO
-Excess sodium loss / potassium retention
-excess water loss (because aldosterone is responsible for water retention) therefore: Dehydration
Too less sodium: Hypoantremia Too much K+: Hyperalkaemia - leads to fatigue, muscle cramps, irregular heart rythms
-Can be lethal
LESS CORTISOL LEADS TO:
-reduced gluconeogensis in liver
-HYPOGLYCEMIA
-Redcued ability to deal with stress

TREATMENT:

ADMINSITER ADRENAL HORMONE

31
Q

State the causes, symptoms and treatment of adrenal virilizm

A

Adrenal tumour (adenoma, carcinoma), leading to CONGENITAL adrenal enlargement
leads to EXCESSVE PRODUCTION OF ADRENAL ANDROGENS

Symptoms: (move obvious women)

Masculinsation - facilal hair, hair loss, increase in muscularity

Menstruation can stop, which leads to uterus atrophy and breasts decreasinf in size

In young boys, can cause premature development of secondary sexual characteristics

TREATMENT
ADMINISTOR GLUCOCORTICOIDS
REMOVAL OF ADRENAL GLANDS

32
Q

State the causes, symptoms and treatment of Waterhouse-Friderischen Syndrome

A

Massigve Bacteremia (bacetria in blood)
e.g. meningococcal infection
failure of adrrenal gland, one or both

SYMPTOMS

  • ORGAN FAILURE
    -COMA
    -LOW BP
    -DIC
    -Purpurea - red/purple skin - due to bleeding under skin- BLOTCHES
    -Reduced cortisol
    -DEATH

TREATMENT:

GLUCOCORTICOIDS - ANTIBIOITCS

33
Q

How are endocrinopathies classified ?

A

Primary - problem with downstream glands (adrenal glands, pancreas)

Secondary - problem with pituitary

Tertiary - problem with hypothalamus

Other: e.g. damage to recetpr mechanism in target tissue

1st yr-Med 2022-2023 (57 decks)

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