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Pre-Med 2022-2023 > BMC L7 > Flashcards

BMC L7 Flashcards

1
Q

State 4 types of sensory receptors

A

Temp
Mechanoreceptors
Chemical receptors
Nociceptors

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2
Q

State the general function of mechanoreceptros

A

Respond to pressure, stretch, vibration, distrotion

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3
Q

State the 5 types of mechanoreceptors

A
  1. Merkel cell
  2. Meissner corpuscle
  3. Pacinian corpuscle
  4. Free nerve endings
  5. Hair follicle
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4
Q

State the function of Merkel cells

A

Detect:
-Sustained pressure, static stimualtion

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5
Q

State the function of meissner corposcule

A

Detect:
light touch, slip, flutter

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6
Q

State the function of pacinian corposcule

A

Rapid vibrations

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7
Q

State function of free nerve endings

A

Touch, pressure, stretch, tickle, itch

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8
Q

State function of hair follicle

A

Detects Distortion of body hair

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9
Q

What are the 4 different nerve fibres

A

A-alpha nerve fibres
A-beta nerve fibres
A-delta nerve fibres
C nerve fibres

Recognise on diagram

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10
Q

State the function of A-alpha nerve fibres

A

Size: Large, INSULATED

Proprioception e.g. muscle reflex

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11
Q

State the function of A-beta nerve fibres

A

Medium, insulated
Proprioception - non-painful touch e.g. pressure

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12
Q

State the function of A-delta nerve fibres

A

Small, insulated
Fast tissue damage, pin prick, intense heat

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13
Q

State the function of C nerve fibres

A

Small, UNINSULATED
SLOW TISSUE DAMAGE, SLOW BURNS, ITCH

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14
Q

Explain the incidence and purpose of fast pain

A

Acute “sharp” - pin prick
Removes part of the organism from harm to PREVENT FURTHER DAMAGE
FAST PAIN ADAPTS, PAIN SUBSIDES - becomes less strong

A-delta nerve fibres

MYELINATED

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15
Q

Explain the incidence and purpose of slow pain

A

Chronic, more intense, slow burning etc

Debilitates organism until injury repais to prevent too much activity

LEADS TO HYPERALGESIA, increased sensitivity to pain, which leads to allodynia, where normal stimuli can be painful

C nerve fibres
Unmyelinated

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16
Q

State the 2 types of pathological pain

A
  1. Chronic
  2. Neuropathic
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17
Q

What is the severity of chronic pain?

A

PARTIALLY Debilitating
Destroys quality of life

18
Q

What is the severity of neuropathic pain?

A

Pain persists in absence of tissue damage
After healing, CNS fails to rest, or pathways in CNS rewired, increased sensitivity of synapses, hyperalgesia
INJURED REGION is hypersensitive to pain

19
Q

State the role of nociceptors and give an example

A

Detect noxious stimulus, harmful
-tissue damage, due to extreme temp

E.g. FREE NERVE ENDINGS in tissues - branching dendrites

20
Q

Describe the activation of nociceptors

A

NOXIOUS
1. Physical distortion of membrane
2. This damages nociceptor
3. Leads to change in pH
4. Chemicals released from damaged cells: K+, ATP, mast cell secretions (histamine), Substance P, prostaglandins

21
Q

Describe how damaged nociceptors release prostaglandins

A

Arachidonic acid in cell membranes produce arachidonate

Arachidonate is coverted into prostaglandins via COX

PROSTAGLANDINS STIMULATE SENSITISATION IN NOCICEPTORS

22
Q

Describe the pain pathway

A
  1. Noxious stimulus
  2. Causes damaged tissue to rlease K+, bradykinin, causes platelets to release serotonin, causes mast cells to release histamune
  3. These chemicals activate NOCICEPTORS
  4. Nociceptors send signal to thalamus via spinothalmaic pathway
  5. Thalamus sends impulse to cerebral cortex
  6. PAIN
23
Q

What is the role of substance P in the pain pathway?

A

Released by nociceptors
Stimulates mast cells to release histamine
Histamine activates nociceptors

Also leads to SENSITISATION OF NOCICEPTORS

24
Q

What is congenital analgesia?

A

Inability to sense pain since birth
Patients usually die young

25
Q

Mneumonic for cranial nerves

A

Oh
Oh
Oh
To
Touch
And
Feel
A
Girls
Vagina
Ah
Heaven

26
Q

State the cranial nerves in order

A

Olfactory
Optic
Occulomotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus nerve
Accessorry
Hypoglossal

27
Q

Cranial nerves modality pneumonic

A

Some
Say
Marry
Money
But
My
Brother
Says
Big
Brains
Matter
More

S - SENSORY
M - MOTOR
B - BOTH

28
Q

State the role of the olfactory nerve and where it originates

A

ENTIRELY SENSORY
RELATED TO SMELL

ORIGNATES: OLFACTORY BULB
Passes through skull at cibriform plate
Terminates in olfctory mucosa of nasal cavity

29
Q

State the role of the optic nerve and where it originates

A

Origanates: Diencephalon
Passes tthrough skull at optic foramen in sphenoid bone
Terminates at retina

ENTIRELY SENSORY
RELATED TO VISION

30
Q

State the role of the oculomotor, trochlear and adbucens nerves

OAT

A

Origanate VENTRAL AREAS OF BRAINSTEM

PASS THRIGH SKULL AT SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURE IN SPHENOID BONE

RELATED TO EYE MOVEMENTS

31
Q

State the role of the trigeminal nerve

OOM

A

3 branches:

Opthalmic
Maxillary
Mandibular

Origanate from ventrolateral surface of pons (brainstem)

32
Q

State the role of the facial nerve

A

Originates from lateral part of pontomedullary junction

Passes into internal acoustic meatus and exits through stylomastoid foramen

Facial nerve gives 5 branches within th parotid gland

33
Q

State the cause and symptoms of Bell’s Palsy

A

Cause: Damage to facial nerve

Facial nerve supplies muscle function + sensation to face

Symptoms:

Tears, salivation, taste, facial expression affected

34
Q

State the role of the vestibibulocochlear nerve

A

2 branches:

Vestibular branch (balance)
Cochlear branch (hearing)

AKA - ACOUSTIC NERVE

RECOGNISE DIAGRAM
-semi-circular canals
-vesticular part
-cochlear part

35
Q

State the role of the glossopharyngeal nerve

A

Originates Medulla Oblongata
Exits the skull through JUGULAR FORAMEN

Motor fibres innervate the stylopharyngeus muscle of the pharynx - needed for swallowing

Sensory to oropharynx and posterior tongue

(supplis tongue + pharnyx)

36
Q

State the role of the vagus nerve

A

Originates: medulla

Exits skull at JUGULAR FORMAEN

SENSORY TO EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS + TYMPANIC MEMBRANE

MOTOR FIBRES INNERVATE:
-muscles of larynx
-lungs
-HEART
-oesophagus
-small intestine
-most of large intestine
-gall bladder

37
Q

State the role of accessory nerve

A

Originates from:
-Medulla
-Spinal cord

Exits skull at JUGULAR FORAMEN

Supplies:
-Trapezius muscles (bakc muscles)
-Sternocleidomastoid muscles (involved in rotation of neck)

38
Q

State the role of the hypogloassal nerve

A

Originates medulla oblongata
Exits skull through hypoglossal canal
Innervates muscle of tongue

39
Q

State the two subdivisions of the ANS

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
40
Q

State the role of the sympathetic nervous system

A

ACTIVATES FIGHT / FLIGHT RESPONSE

Blood Vessels in GI tract - VASOCONSTRICTION

blood vessels in skeletal muscle:
VASODILATION

blood vessels in heart:
VASODILATION

Bronchioles in lungs:
BRONCHODILATION

cardiac muscle:
FORCE + RATE UP

Urinary sphincter:
CONSTRICTION

Gastointestinal peristalsis:
INHIBITION

SEX:
ORGASM

Salivary glands:
Thick saliva

Sweat glands:
ACTIVATION

41
Q

State the role of the parasympathetic nervous system

A

REST and DIGEST

Blood vessels in GI tract

Blood vessels in heart

Blood vessel in skeletal muscle

Bronchiols in lungs

Cardiac muscle

Pupils

Urinary sphincter

Gastrointestinal peristalsis

Sex

Salivary glands

Sweat

42
Q

Why do patients with congenital analgesia usually die young?

A

This is where patient is unable to percieve or sense pain since birth

Therefore, they will not remove / move away from harmful stimuli. So, further damage is not prevented. Damage continues to occur and severity of damage becomes more extreme.
- No activation of nociceptors
-No signal send via ST pathway to thalamus
-no signal sent to cerebral cortex
-no sense of pain

Pre-Med 2022-2023 (57 decks)

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