GHM L3 (V2)

Question 1

State which muscels are present in the lips and cheeks

Answer 1

Lips: orbicularis oris
Cheeks: Buccinator

Question 2

Vestibule

Answer 2

Space between lips and cheeks externally + teeth and gums internally

Question 3

Oral cavity

Answer 3

Central space in mouth, behind teeth + gums
Vestibule to throat
food mixed with saliva before swallowed
Consists of:
1. Tongue
2. Palate
3. Tonsils
4. Salivary glands

Question 4

Labial frenulum

Answer 4

Small fold of mucous membrane
Connects midline of each lip to gum tissue above front teeth
Anchors + stabalises lips
Limits excess movement

Question 5

Describe the structure and function of the palate

Answer 5

Structure located in roof of mouth
Divided into two parts - hard palate, soft palate

Hard palate:

made of palatine bones at back of palatine process of maxillae (upper jaw bones)
Corrugated - rough surface, creates friction against tongue, chewing, swallowing

Soft Palate

fold of skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane
function: closes of nasopharynx, upper part of throat, during swallowing. Prevents food + liquid from entering nasal cavity

UVULA: extension of soft palate

Arch Support: soft palate anchored by two arches of tissue:
1. Palatoglossal arch
2. Palatopharhyngeal arch

Question 6

Describe the structure and function of the tongue

Answer 6

1. Repositioning + mixing of food during chewing
2. Formation of bolus
3. Initiating swallowing, speech and taste
   (taste buds on surface of tongue)
4. Tongue has intrinsic + extrinsic muscles
   intrinsic: located within tongue, shape + size of tongue during swallowing, speech, taste
   extrinsic: muscles attached to structures outside of tongue - broader movement, movement up and down, side to side

Question 7

State the role of the lingual frenulum

Answer 7

attaches tongue to floor of mouth

Question 8

Describe the causes, symptoms and treatment of ankyloglossia

Answer 8

Lingual frenulum - too short, tightly fused to tongue
Restricted movement of tongue

-difficulty breastfeeding / bottlefeeding infants
-issues with speech

TREATMENT:
surgery, releasing / lenghthening frenulum, increased tongue mobility

Question 9

Propulstion

Answer 9

Movement of food down digestive tract
(in mouth, voluntary actions of tongue + jsaw muscles)

Question 10

Give an example of a drug absorbed via the oral mucosa

Answer 10

Nitroglycerine
Used to alleviae angina pain

Question 11

State the functions of saliva

Answer 11

Secreted by salivary glands in mouth

1. Cleansing mouth
2. Moistens + dissolves food chemicals
3. Aiding in bolus formation
4. Contains enzymes that begin breakdown of starch
5. Intrinsic glands - moisture
6. Extrinisc glands - secretions (parasympathetic)

Question 12

What is Xerostomia?

Answer 12

Inhibition of saliva due to sympathetic stimulation

Question 13

State an example of an intrinsic salivary gland

Answer 13

Buccal glands - scattered throughout oral mucosa

Question 14

State examples of extrinsic salivary glands

Answer 14

1. Submandibular
2. Sublingual
3. Parotid

DEVELOP FROM ORSAL MUSCOSA

Question 15

State the function and location of each of the extrinsic salivary glands

Answer 15

PAROTID

LARGEST SALIVARY GLAND
50% of saliva produced in response to stimulation
secretes amylase

SUBMANDIBULAR

70% unstimulated saliva

SUBLINGUAL

5% of saliva
Mainly secretes mucus and lingual lipase

Question 16

Describe the cause, symptoms and treatment of mumps

Answer 16

Cause

inflammation of parotid gland
Caused by MYXOVIRUS
common in children
easily transmitted in saliva
in adults, testes may become infected, sterlity

PUFFY CHEEKS - due to inflammation and swelling of parotid gland

Question 17

Describe the cause, treatment and symptoms of sjogens syndrome

Answer 17

Autoimmune
effects SALIVARY, LACRIMAL
leads to XEROSTOMIA, xeropthalmia
associated with rheumatoid arthiritis
diagnosed by BIOPSY

Question 18

Describe the Composition of saliva

Answer 18

Secreted by
1. Serous cells
2. Mucous cells

Watery, slightly acidic:

1. Electrolytes
2. Mucin
3. Metabolic waste - uric acid, urea
4. Defensins, IgA
5. Salivary amylase, lingual lipase

Question 19

State an example of a medical condition in which is monitored via saliva

Answer 19

HIV
ORAL CANCER
DIABATES

Question 20

True or False “Hormones can be detected in saliva”

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Explain the control of salivation

Answer 21

Control via intrinsic + extrinsic glands

INTRINSIC - buccal - keep mouth moist

EXTRINSIC - submandibular, parotid, sublingual - secretions

Stimulation of extrinsic:
1. Presence of food in mouth, stimulates mechanoreceptors (chewing), chemoreceptors (sour, acidic)
2. Send impulse to salivatory nuclei in brainstem
3. Salivatory nuclei send impulses via facial nerve + glossopharangeal nerve (parasympathetic fibres) to stimulate salviart glands

SMELL + THOUGHT OF FOOD CAN STIMULATE SALIVARY GLANDS

Question 22

Describe how irritations to lower GI tract stimulate salivary glands

Answer 22

Irritation by bacteria / toxins / spicy food
Increase salivation
Help wash away irritant

Question 23

Describe how dehydration affects salivation

Answer 23

Inhibits
Because dehydration leads to reduced filtration at capillary beds

Question 24

Describe the structure and positioning of the oesophagus

Answer 24

Straight course through thorax from pharynx to stomach
Pierces diaghragm at oesophagal hiatus
Joins stomach at cardiac orifice

Question 25

Describe the layers of epithelium in the oesophagus

Answer 25

Mucosa: stratified squammous epithelium
Submucosa: Glands secrete mucus
Adventitia: instead of serosa
Muscularis

Question 26

Describe the structure and function of the pharynx

Answer 26

3 parts:
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

Inner layer = longitudinal muscle
Outer layer = pharyngeal constrictor muscles