GHM L3 (V2) Flashcards
State which muscels are present in the lips and cheeks
Lips: orbicularis oris
Cheeks: Buccinator
Vestibule
Space between lips and cheeks externally + teeth and gums internally
Oral cavity
Central space in mouth, behind teeth + gums
Vestibule to throat
food mixed with saliva before swallowed
Consists of:
1. Tongue
2. Palate
3. Tonsils
4. Salivary glands
Labial frenulum
Small fold of mucous membrane
Connects midline of each lip to gum tissue above front teeth
Anchors + stabalises lips
Limits excess movement
Describe the structure and function of the palate
Structure located in roof of mouth
Divided into two parts - hard palate, soft palate
Hard palate:
made of palatine bones at back of palatine process of maxillae (upper jaw bones)
Corrugated - rough surface, creates friction against tongue, chewing, swallowing
Soft Palate
fold of skeletal muscle covered by mucous membrane
function: closes of nasopharynx, upper part of throat, during swallowing. Prevents food + liquid from entering nasal cavity
UVULA: extension of soft palate
Arch Support: soft palate anchored by two arches of tissue:
1. Palatoglossal arch
2. Palatopharhyngeal arch
Describe the structure and function of the tongue
- Repositioning + mixing of food during chewing
- Formation of bolus
- Initiating swallowing, speech and taste
(taste buds on surface of tongue) - Tongue has intrinsic + extrinsic muscles
intrinsic: located within tongue, shape + size of tongue during swallowing, speech, taste
extrinsic: muscles attached to structures outside of tongue - broader movement, movement up and down, side to side
State the role of the lingual frenulum
attaches tongue to floor of mouth
Describe the causes, symptoms and treatment of ankyloglossia
Lingual frenulum - too short, tightly fused to tongue
Restricted movement of tongue
-difficulty breastfeeding / bottlefeeding infants
-issues with speech
TREATMENT:
surgery, releasing / lenghthening frenulum, increased tongue mobility
Propulstion
Movement of food down digestive tract
(in mouth, voluntary actions of tongue + jsaw muscles)
Give an example of a drug absorbed via the oral mucosa
Nitroglycerine
Used to alleviae angina pain
State the functions of saliva
Secreted by salivary glands in mouth
- Cleansing mouth
- Moistens + dissolves food chemicals
- Aiding in bolus formation
- Contains enzymes that begin breakdown of starch
- Intrinsic glands - moisture
- Extrinisc glands - secretions (parasympathetic)
What is Xerostomia?
Inhibition of saliva due to sympathetic stimulation
State an example of an intrinsic salivary gland
Buccal glands - scattered throughout oral mucosa
State examples of extrinsic salivary glands
- Submandibular
- Sublingual
- Parotid
DEVELOP FROM ORSAL MUSCOSA
State the function and location of each of the extrinsic salivary glands
PAROTID
LARGEST SALIVARY GLAND
50% of saliva produced in response to stimulation
secretes amylase
SUBMANDIBULAR
70% unstimulated saliva
SUBLINGUAL
5% of saliva
Mainly secretes mucus and lingual lipase
Describe the cause, symptoms and treatment of mumps
Cause
inflammation of parotid gland
Caused by MYXOVIRUS
common in children
easily transmitted in saliva
in adults, testes may become infected, sterlity
PUFFY CHEEKS - due to inflammation and swelling of parotid gland
Describe the cause, treatment and symptoms of sjogens syndrome
Autoimmune
effects SALIVARY, LACRIMAL
leads to XEROSTOMIA, xeropthalmia
associated with rheumatoid arthiritis
diagnosed by BIOPSY
Describe the Composition of saliva
Secreted by
1. Serous cells
2. Mucous cells
Watery, slightly acidic:
- Electrolytes
- Mucin
- Metabolic waste - uric acid, urea
- Defensins, IgA
- Salivary amylase, lingual lipase
State an example of a medical condition in which is monitored via saliva
HIV
ORAL CANCER
DIABATES
True or False “Hormones can be detected in saliva”
True
Explain the control of salivation
Control via intrinsic + extrinsic glands
INTRINSIC - buccal - keep mouth moist
EXTRINSIC - submandibular, parotid, sublingual - secretions
Stimulation of extrinsic:
1. Presence of food in mouth, stimulates mechanoreceptors (chewing), chemoreceptors (sour, acidic)
2. Send impulse to salivatory nuclei in brainstem
3. Salivatory nuclei send impulses via facial nerve + glossopharangeal nerve (parasympathetic fibres) to stimulate salviart glands
SMELL + THOUGHT OF FOOD CAN STIMULATE SALIVARY GLANDS
Describe how irritations to lower GI tract stimulate salivary glands
Irritation by bacteria / toxins / spicy food
Increase salivation
Help wash away irritant
Describe how dehydration affects salivation
Inhibits
Because dehydration leads to reduced filtration at capillary beds
Describe the structure and positioning of the oesophagus
Straight course through thorax from pharynx to stomach
Pierces diaghragm at oesophagal hiatus
Joins stomach at cardiac orifice
Describe the layers of epithelium in the oesophagus
Mucosa: stratified squammous epithelium
Submucosa: Glands secrete mucus
Adventitia: instead of serosa
Muscularis
Describe the structure and function of the pharynx
3 parts:
-nasopharynx
-oropharynx
-laryngopharynx
STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
Inner layer = longitudinal muscle
Outer layer = pharyngeal constrictor muscles
