CFB Lungs 1 Flashcards
State 4 parts of respiratory system
- Upper respiratory tract
- Lower respiratory tract
- Muscles
- Skeletal elements (bones)
State the components of the upper respiratory tract
Lies above sternal angle
-The nose + nasal passages
-Paranasal sinuses
-Pharynx
-Part of larynx above vocal cords
State the components of the lower respiratory tract
- Bronchi (primary, secondary, tertirary)
- Bronchioles (terminal + respiratory)
- Trachea
- Distal lungs incl alveoli
(Lower respiratory tract extends below vocal cords
State muscles involved in respiration
Muscles:
- Diaphragm
- Intercostal (external + internal)
- Neck (sternocleidomastoid + scalene)
-Abdominal
Which muscle is always involved in breathing ?
D I A P H R A G M
other muscles only when heavy breathing
State the skeletal elements involved in respiration (+ funcion+
STRUCTURE + SUPPORT
- Sternum
- Costal cartilages
- Ribs
- Vertebal column
Describe the functional division of the respiratory system
- Conducting zone
- Respiratory zone
State the role of the conducting zone
All structures air flows through before reaching the RESPIRATORY ZONE:
- Mouth
- Nose
- Epiglottis
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Bronchi
- Warms + humidifies inspired air, keeps trachea moist
- Filters air
(-golbet cells secrete mucus, trap particles
-cillia get rid of the trapped particles)
State the role of the respiratory zone
Site of gas exhange (between air and blood)
Consist of
- Bronchioles
- Alveoli
State adaptations of the alevoli to gas exchange
- Thin endothelium, 1 cell thick
- Surrounded by blood capillariess
Two types of pneumocytes
Type I - structural - alveolar surface
Type II - make surfactant - phospholipids reducing surface tension, creating elasticity
Describe the anatomy of the lungs
In thoracic cavity
2 lungs - left, right
Left: 2 lobes, superior, inferior, oblique fissure
Right: 3 lobes, superior, middle, inferior, lateral + oblique fissure
Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi enters each lobe (lobar)
This then branch into tertiary bronchi (segmental)
-> Bronchioles - > terminal bronchioles -> respiraotry bronchioles -> alveolar ducts
in alveolar ducts = alveoli ( air sacs)
GAS EXCHANGE: exchange of O2 + CO2 before alveolar walls and capillary walls by diffusion
Describe the pleural membrane
Double membrane surrounding lungs
Inner: visceral pleura (surrounds lungs)
Outer: parietal pleura (surrounds chest cavity)
Layer of fluid between these two layers to lubricate the lungs when they slide over the chest cavity during breathing
Describe the dual blood supply to the lungs
Blood supply to lungs from 2 sources:
- Systemic blood circulation (Left ventricle, via bronchial artery, oxygenated blood to bronchi + parenchyma)
- Pulmonary circulation (Right ventricle, via pulmonary arterym deoxygenaated blood)
Describe the pulmonary blood supply to the lungs
2 pulmonary arteries
Left, right
Right pulmonary artery - 3 lobes, superior, middle, inferior
Left pulmonary artery - 2 lobes (superior, inferior)
Pulmonary arteries (both) branch into broncho-pulmonary segments
What are broncho-pulmonary segments ?
Subdivision of lobe connected to tertiaty bronchus (segmental) divided from rest of lung via connective tissue
Describe the blood supply to the lungs
Each lung suppled by
- Bronco-pulmonary segment
- Bronchial artery
- Pulmonary artery
What does it mean by each segment being functioanlly and autonomically discrete?
Each single segment can be surgically removed without affecting its neighbours
How many segmets are there in each lung?
10
Describe the blood supply away from the lungs
4 pulmonry veins (each form at hilum of each long - medial surface)
2 superior (left + right)
2 inferior (left + right0
Right superior pulmonary vein: Supplies upper lobe and middle
Left superior: Supplies upper and liguna
Right inferior: Lower lobe
Left Inferior: Lower lobe
RETURN OXYGENATED BLOOD TO LEFT ATRIUM
What is a lingula?
Projection of upper lobe (superior lobe) in left lung
State the role of the bronchio arteries
Supply
-lungs
-bronchial tree
-pleura
with oxygenated blood + nutrition
LEFT LUNG - 2 bronchial arteries, arise from descending aorta at level of main left bronchus
RIGHT LUNG: 1 bronchial artery, arises from 3rd posterior intercostal artery + descending aorta
End at respiratory bronchioles where they connect with branches of pulmonary arteries to supply visceral pleura
State the role of the bronchial veins
Return deoxygenated blood from the main large bronchi in each lung to right atrium (primary, secondary bronchi)
RIGHT bronchial vein - azygous vein - SVC
LEFT bronchial vein - accessory semiazygous vein - SVC / superior intercostal vein - SVC
REST : pulmonary arteries
