CFB Lungs 1

Question 1

State 4 parts of respiratory system

Answer 1

1. Upper respiratory tract
2. Lower respiratory tract
3. Muscles
4. Skeletal elements (bones)

Question 2

State the components of the upper respiratory tract

Answer 2

Lies above sternal angle

-The nose + nasal passages
-Paranasal sinuses
-Pharynx
-Part of larynx above vocal cords

Question 3

State the components of the lower respiratory tract

Answer 3

• Bronchi (primary, secondary, tertirary)
• Bronchioles (terminal + respiratory)
• Trachea
• Distal lungs incl alveoli

(Lower respiratory tract extends below vocal cords

Question 4

State muscles involved in respiration

Answer 4

Muscles:
- Diaphragm
- Intercostal (external + internal)
- Neck (sternocleidomastoid + scalene)
-Abdominal

Question 5

Which muscle is always involved in breathing ?

Answer 5

D I A P H R A G M

other muscles only when heavy breathing

Question 6

State the skeletal elements involved in respiration (+ funcion+

Answer 6

STRUCTURE + SUPPORT

1. Sternum
2. Costal cartilages
3. Ribs
4. Vertebal column

Question 7

Describe the functional division of the respiratory system

Answer 7

1. Conducting zone
2. Respiratory zone

Question 8

State the role of the conducting zone

Answer 8

All structures air flows through before reaching the RESPIRATORY ZONE:

1. Mouth
2. Nose
3. Epiglottis
4. Pharynx
5. Larynx
6. Bronchi
7. Warms + humidifies inspired air, keeps trachea moist
8. Filters air
   (-golbet cells secrete mucus, trap particles
   -cillia get rid of the trapped particles)

Question 9

State the role of the respiratory zone

Answer 9

Site of gas exhange (between air and blood)

Consist of

1. Bronchioles
2. Alveoli

Question 10

State adaptations of the alevoli to gas exchange

Answer 10

1. Thin endothelium, 1 cell thick
2. Surrounded by blood capillariess

Two types of pneumocytes

Type I - structural - alveolar surface
Type II - make surfactant - phospholipids reducing surface tension, creating elasticity

Question 11

Describe the anatomy of the lungs

Answer 11

In thoracic cavity

2 lungs - left, right

Left: 2 lobes, superior, inferior, oblique fissure

Right: 3 lobes, superior, middle, inferior, lateral + oblique fissure

Primary bronchi
Secondary bronchi enters each lobe (lobar)
This then branch into tertiary bronchi (segmental)

-> Bronchioles - > terminal bronchioles -> respiraotry bronchioles -> alveolar ducts

in alveolar ducts = alveoli ( air sacs)
GAS EXCHANGE: exchange of O2 + CO2 before alveolar walls and capillary walls by diffusion

Question 12

Describe the pleural membrane

Answer 12

Double membrane surrounding lungs
Inner: visceral pleura (surrounds lungs)
Outer: parietal pleura (surrounds chest cavity)

Layer of fluid between these two layers to lubricate the lungs when they slide over the chest cavity during breathing

Question 13

Describe the dual blood supply to the lungs

Answer 13

Blood supply to lungs from 2 sources:

1. Systemic blood circulation (Left ventricle, via bronchial artery, oxygenated blood to bronchi + parenchyma)
2. Pulmonary circulation (Right ventricle, via pulmonary arterym deoxygenaated blood)

Question 14

Describe the pulmonary blood supply to the lungs

Answer 14

2 pulmonary arteries
Left, right

Right pulmonary artery - 3 lobes, superior, middle, inferior

Left pulmonary artery - 2 lobes (superior, inferior)

Pulmonary arteries (both) branch into broncho-pulmonary segments

Question 15

What are broncho-pulmonary segments ?

Answer 15

Subdivision of lobe connected to tertiaty bronchus (segmental) divided from rest of lung via connective tissue

Question 16

Describe the blood supply to the lungs

Answer 16

Each lung suppled by

1. Bronco-pulmonary segment
2. Bronchial artery
3. Pulmonary artery

Question 17

What does it mean by each segment being functioanlly and autonomically discrete?

Answer 17

Each single segment can be surgically removed without affecting its neighbours

Question 18

How many segmets are there in each lung?

Answer 18

10

Question 19

Describe the blood supply away from the lungs

Answer 19

4 pulmonry veins (each form at hilum of each long - medial surface)
2 superior (left + right)
2 inferior (left + right0

Right superior pulmonary vein: Supplies upper lobe and middle
Left superior: Supplies upper and liguna
Right inferior: Lower lobe
Left Inferior: Lower lobe

RETURN OXYGENATED BLOOD TO LEFT ATRIUM

Question 20

What is a lingula?

Answer 20

Projection of upper lobe (superior lobe) in left lung

Question 21

State the role of the bronchio arteries

Answer 21

Supply
-lungs
-bronchial tree
-pleura

with oxygenated blood + nutrition

LEFT LUNG - 2 bronchial arteries, arise from descending aorta at level of main left bronchus

RIGHT LUNG: 1 bronchial artery, arises from 3rd posterior intercostal artery + descending aorta

End at respiratory bronchioles where they connect with branches of pulmonary arteries to supply visceral pleura

Question 22

State the role of the bronchial veins

Answer 22

Return deoxygenated blood from the main large bronchi in each lung to right atrium (primary, secondary bronchi)

RIGHT bronchial vein - azygous vein - SVC

LEFT bronchial vein - accessory semiazygous vein - SVC / superior intercostal vein - SVC

REST : pulmonary arteries