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LA DX & TX I > Final Exam - FA Hepatobiliary Disease > Flashcards

Final Exam - FA Hepatobiliary Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what animals don’t have gallbladders?

A

horses & camelids

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2
Q

if you have an increase in unconjugated bilirubin, what does that indicate?

A

decreased hepatic function

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3
Q

T/F: increased liver enzymes don’t equate to liver failure

A

true - liver failure can exist with normal enzyme levels especially if you only have cellular enzymes on chemistry

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4
Q

T/F: early liver disease is easy to detect & diagnose in food animals

A

false - often inapparent to owner & vet

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5
Q

what are some clinical signs of liver disease in production animals?

A

lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, ‘poor doer’

jaundice, photosensitivity, hepatic encephalopathy (abnormal mentation, vocalization, circling, head pressing), coagulopathies, & hemolysis

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6
Q

what is your biggest diagnostic test for liver disease in production animals?

A

chemistry panel

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7
Q

what are the benefits of using an ultrasound for suspected liver disease in production animals?

A

structural disease especially on the right - tumors or abscesses & it is non-invasive

not great for toxic/metabolic/infectious causes

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8
Q

what are the benefits of a liver biopsy for liver disease in production animals?

A

definitive diagnosis & prognostic capabilities, sample of choice for most assessments, & ruminants are relatively easy/safe to biopsy

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9
Q

what vaccine should you give prior to a liver biopsy in a ruminant?

A

clostridial +/- penicillin

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10
Q

what are the most common agents involved in liver abscesses?

A

fusobacterium necrophorum & truepurella pyogenes

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11
Q

other than the most common agents, what can be another cause of liver abscess?

A

traumatic reticuloperitonitis - especially in dairy cows

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12
Q

liver abscesses are most common in what animals?

A

cattle on a high grain diet - dairy cattle, feedlot cattle, & show cattle

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13
Q

what is the pathogenesis of liver abscesses in production animals on a high grain diet?

A

chronic rumen acidosis damages the rumen mucosa - bacterial translocation into portal circulation - infiltration into the liver

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14
Q

what is the best antemortem diagnostic for liver abscesses?

A

ultrasound

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15
Q

what is the treatment for liver abscesses in food animals?

A

prolonged antimicrobials (macrolide or penicillin) for valuable animals or cull

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16
Q

how can we prevent liver abscesses?

A

gradual adaptation to diet to prevent acidosis, feed additives (tylosin), increase roughage

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs of liver abscesses in production animals?

A

generally subclinical with normal lab values - may have elevated globulins from long standing inflammation

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18
Q

what is a major complication associated with liver abscesses? what is the pathogenesis of it?

A

vena cava thrombosis syndrome

liver abscess erodes into vena cava & it seeds the lungs (embolic/metastatic pneumonia) - animal may present as respiratory disease

foci in pulmonary vasculature can erode through vessel walls causing hemorrhage into lumen of alveoli/smaller air passages - death

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19
Q

what animals are more susceptible to flukes than cattle?

A

sheep, goats, camelids

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20
Q

where do flukes thrive?

A

warm, wet conditions

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21
Q

what is the intermediate host of flukes?

A

snails

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22
Q

what is the most common liver fluke in this region?

A

fasciola hepatica - flukes mature & become encapsulated in the liver

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23
Q

what are the clinical signs of flukes dependent on?

A

worm burden

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24
Q

what are some effects of flukes on production?

A

negligible at < 10 flukes per animal

possible at 10-40 flukes per animal

probable at > 40 flukes per animal

clinical disease at > 200 flukes

25
Q

what are some clinical signs associated with fascioliasis?

A

decreased productivity, weight loss, ill-thrift, anemia, bottle jaw/edema, hypoproteinemia

exacerbated by periods of nutritional stress

26
Q

what is the clinical pathology associated with liver flukes?

A

increased GGT, ALP due to biliary obstruction or changes

hypoproteinemia, anemia, +/- mild eosinophilia

27
Q

how are liver flukes diagnosed?

A

fecal sediment, clinical signs, necropsy

selecting 10-15 random animals from a herd is a decent diagnostic

28
Q

what is the treatment for liver flukes?

A

albendazole for adults & clorsulon for immature flukes

29
Q

how can liver flukes be prevented?

A

deworm in the fall after the infection period & optional spring deworming for heavily affected herds

30
Q

what agent causes redwater disease?

A

clostridium haemolyticum - clostridium novyi type D

31
Q

what is the pathogenesis of redwater disease?

A

liver damage (caused by fluke migration) creates anaerobic environment for clostridial spores - spores produce beta toxin causing hepatocyte necrosis, intravascular hemolysis, & damage to the endothelium systemically - hemolytic anemia leads to hemoglobinuria

32
Q

when are redwater outbreaks seen?

A

occur after flooding or otherwise seasonal following fluke migration

33
Q

what is another name for redwater?

A

bacillary hemoglobinuria

34
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with redwater?

A

sudden death most common - hemoglobinuria, icterus, weakness, ataxia, anemia

35
Q

how is redwater diagnosed?

A

necropsy - liver infarct with hyperemic zone bordering normal liver, gram stain, fluorescent antibody test, & pcr for organism

36
Q

what is the treatment & prevention of redwater?

A

treatment is unrewarding - maybe high doses of penicillin

fluke prevention & vaccination for clostridium novyi type D

37
Q

what is another name for black disease?

A

infectious necrotic hepatitis

38
Q

what is the agent that causes black disease?

A

clostridium novyi type B

39
Q

what animals are most commonly affected by black disease?

A

sheep - other ruminants & horses

40
Q

what exotoxins are produced in black disease?

A

alpha & beta toxin

41
Q

what is the pathogenesis of black disease?

A

same as red water - flukes cause damage & allow for proliferation

42
Q

what are the clinical signs of black disease?

A

sudden death - may see fever, lethargy

43
Q

how is black disease diagnosed?

A

clinical signs & necropsy - skin blackened from venous congestion/capillary rupture, pale areas of coagulative hepatic necrosis

need combo of history, clinical signs, necropsy findings, & pathogen isolation from liver

44
Q

what is the treatment & prevent for black disease?

A

treatment is unrewarding - vaccinate for clostridials & have good fluke control

45
Q

what plant is this? what does it cause?

A

fiddleneck (pyrrolizidine alkaloid) - photosensitization

46
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis?

A

delayed signs - usually in liver failure at time of presentation

47
Q

how is pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis diagnosed?

A

liver biopsy & necropsy

48
Q

what 3 major changes are seen on necropsy of an animal with pyrrolizidine alkaloid toxicosis?

A

megalocytosis, bridging fibrosis, & biliary hyperplasia

49
Q

what is the toxin produced from blue-green algae?

A

cyanobacteria that produces hepatotoxic microcystins

50
Q

when is blue-green algae usually a problem?

A

warm months when water temperatures are higher & the water is stagnant

51
Q

what clinical signs are associated with blue-green algae toxicosis?

A

acute mortality event in herds - severe hepatocellular damage leading to hypovolemia & shock due to blood loss

nervousness, reluctance to move, recumbency, diarrhea, & pale mucus membranes

52
Q

what may be seen on diagnostics for an animal with suspected blue green algae toxicosis?

A

increased GGT, AST, bile acids, & ALP with hypoglycemia & hyperkalemia

53
Q

what is the treatment for blue green algae toxicosis?

A

unrewarding

54
Q

what is hepatic lipidosis?

A

fat animal that abruptly experiences a negative energy balance - body mobilizes fat stores which go to the liver & overwhelm its capacity to the point of compromising function

lactation - fat dairy cows

gestation - fat beef heifer

fat goats with pregnancy toxemia

55
Q

what are some clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis?

A

anorexia, lethargy, decreased milk production

56
Q

how is hepatic lipidosis diagnosed in production animals?

A

ultrasound, biopsy, FNA

57
Q

how do you treat hepatic lipidosis in production animals?

A

get them out of a negative energy balance - palatable foods, IV dextrose

58
Q

how is hepatic lipidosis prevented?

A

don’t let animals become overconditioned prior to calving

identify & treat/prevent comorbidities

59
Q

what disease causes this appearance?

A

red water disease

LA DX & TX I (45 decks)

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