Exam 3 - Motility Disorders

Question 1

what are the 3 specialized contraction patterns in adult ruminants?

Answer 1

1. primary contractions - mixing cycle, ingesta mixing & stratification
2. secondary contractions - eructation cycle
3. rumination - cud chewing cycle, breakdown of feed & addition of saliva

Question 2

what is the normal contents of the rumen?

Answer 2

fluid layer on the bottom, fibrous layer in the middle, gas cap on top - distinguishable by palpation of the left flank

Question 3

what is the suggested pathogenesis of vagal indigestion syndrome?

Answer 3

reduced sensory input & vagal nerve damage

Question 4

what are 2 causes of vagal indigestion syndrome? which one carries a worse prognosis?

Answer 4

1. failure of omasal transport - flow through reticulo-omasal orifice disrupted, atony of reticulorumen (chronic bloat)
2. pyloric outflow failure - worse prognosis

Question 5

what is the most common form of vagal indigestion?

Answer 5

omasal transport failure - papple shaped animal from behind

Question 6

what is the appearance of a cow from behind with omasal transport failure?

Answer 6

high, distended abdomen on the left side & low distended abdomen on the right side

Question 7

the appearance of this animal suggests what?

Answer 7

vagal indigestion syndrome - failure of omasal transport

Question 8

what is the pathogenesis of failure of omasal transport?

Answer 8

accumulation of ingesta leads to the distension of the forestomach & the omasum & abomasum remain relatively empty

Question 9

what are some causes of failure of omasal transport?

Answer 9

TRP, abscesses, adhesions, papilloma, obstruction, & diaphragmatic hernia

Question 10

why do you see increased rumen chloride in pyloric outflow failure?

Answer 10

internal vomiting

Question 11

what clinical signs are seen in the late stages of pyloric outflow failure?

Answer 11

fluid rumen, systemic dehydration, & metabolic alkalosis because the animal is sequestering chloride

Question 12

where does feed accumulate in an animal with pyloric outflow failure?

Answer 12

omasum & abomasum

Question 13

what are some causes of pyloric outflow failure?

Answer 13

abomasal amotility (displaced abomasum), vagal nerve motility, hypocalcemia, cranial abdominal adhesions, & advanced pregnancy

Question 14

what is the treatment used for pyloric outflow failure?

Answer 14

culling the animal

cathartics, correct mechanical problems, or remove the fetus

Question 15

what are some sequelae of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 15

focal peritonitis, diffuse peritonitis, pleuritis, vagal indigestion, & pericarditis

Question 16

what causes traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 16

animal ingests sharp objects which settle in the reticulum & can penetrate reticular walls

Question 17

what are some clinical signs associated with traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 17

poor appetite, decreased milk production, cranial abdominal pain (positive withers or grunt test), abnormal rumen motility, scant feces, & reluctance to move

Question 18

what may be seen on fluid analysis of abdominocentesis of an animal with suspected traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 18

increased WBC & protein

Question 19

what is seen on a cbc/chem of an animal with suspected traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 19

neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia, hyperglobulinemia, mild metabolic alkalosis (because decreased fecal output & chloride not being lost)

Question 20

how are rads used to diagnose TRP?

Answer 20

look for a metallic FB or perireticular abscess

Question 21

how is ultrasound used to diagnose TRP?

Answer 21

look for decreased motility, presence of fibrin, & perireticular abscess

Question 22

how is a left flank approach different from a right flank approach in an animal with suspected TRP?

Answer 22

left flank - use if you are for sure!!!!!

right flank - not 100% sure, this approach gives you more visibility, but if it is TRP, a second surgery will need to be performed on the left

Question 23

what treatment is used for TRP?

Answer 23

feed the animal a magnet, antibiotics, NSAIDS, fluids, exercise restriction

surgical - rumenotomy

Question 24

what are some common complications of TRP?

Answer 24

diffuse peritonitis, pleuritis, pericarditis, & vagal indigestion

Question 25

how is TRP prevented?

Answer 25

clean the area the animals are in, feed them magnets, & take care in feed prep

Question 26

what is another name for hoflund’s syndrome?

Answer 26

vagal indigestion syndrome

Question 27

vagal indigestion syndrome is motor disturbances that hinder passage in the _________ & _________

Answer 27

reticulorumen & abomasum