Exam 2 - Ruminant Lower Respiratory Tract

Question 1

what is bronchial pneumonia?

Answer 1

invasion of pathogenic organisms that gain access to the lung through the pulmonary tree

Question 2

what are the typical clinical signs of bronchial pneumonia?

Answer 2

lethargy, fever, & indications of sepsis

Question 3

what is the typical distribution of bronchial pneumonia?

Answer 3

cranioventral localization

Question 4

what is interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 4

diverse group of diseases - typically non-infectious

interstitial reaction that usually results from ingestion/inhalation of toxins/allergens

Question 5

what are the clinical signs of interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 5

abnormal lung sounds, not as ill-appearing as bronchial pneumonia

Question 6

what is the typical distribution of interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 6

diffuse

Question 7

what is metastatic pneumonia?

Answer 7

septic embolization of lungs or other body locations - commonly liver

Question 8

what are the clinical signs of metastatic pneumonia?

Answer 8

septic with widespread abnormal lung sounds that eventually lead to hemoptysis

Question 9

what are the bronchopneumonias complex made up of?

Answer 9

multi-factorial disease complexes with no single etiologic agent, compromised host defense scenarios, contributing environmental factors, & management decisions

Question 10

what is BRDC?

Answer 10

bovine respiratory disease complex

Question 11

what is the pathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus-1?

Answer 11

direct contact with infected cattle or aerosol transmission

epithelial cells of respiratory tract are initial target - direct injury in upper respiratory tract & bronchi leading to inflammation/increased susceptibility because of dysfunction of neutrophils, lymphocytes, & macrophages

virus spreads by intracellular bridges between cells

lymphocytes & monocytes are susceptible to infection leading to extra-respiratory site transport to spleen, esophagus, & liver

Question 12

what is the pathogenesis of bovine herpesvirus-1 in latent infections?

Answer 12

latent infection in neural tissues - trigeminal gangli & tonsils, not actively produced/shedding

can be reactivated by stress & glucocorticoids

Question 13

what is the etiology of bovine herpesvirus-1?

Answer 13

enveloped DNA virus, subfamily alphaherpesvirinae, varicellovirus

Question 14

what are some diseases in which bovine herpesvirus-1 is the causative agent?

Answer 14

IBR, conjunctivitis, pustular vulvovaginitis, abortion, mastitis, etc

Question 15

what is ‘red nose’ in bovine herpesvirus-1 infections?

Answer 15

hyperemic & reddening of muzzle

Question 16

what are the clinical signs of bovine herpesvirus-1?

Answer 16

rhinitis, tracheitis, pyrexia, reduced milk production, coughing, & open mouth breathing as mucopurulent debris accumulates in the upper respiratory tract

Question 17

how is bovine herpesvirus-1 prevented?

Answer 17

vaccinations, reduce stress, minimize co-mingling

Question 18

what is the treatment used for bovine herpesvirus-1 infections?

Answer 18

supportive care - reduce stress, maintain feed/water intake

NSAIDS

no steroids

vaccinate in outbreaks

Question 19

when are bovine herpesvirus-1 infections most common?

Answer 19

when large groups of cattle come together - more severe in feedlot cattle

adults serve as reservoirs

Question 20

what diagnostics are used for bovine herpesvirus-1?

Answer 20

virus isolation - IFA, PCR of nasal swabs or conjunctival scrapings, or paired serology

Question 21

what is the etiology of bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

Answer 21

enveloped RNA virus, family paramyxoviridae - very similar to human RSV

Question 22

what is the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

Answer 22

contact with infected animals/aerosols/fomites

incubation of 3-5 days

bronchitis/alveolitis/interstitial pneumonia

affects epithelial cells from nasal passages to alveoli

epithelial cells fuse to multinucleated cells = syncytia

aggressive invasion, attack, & destruction of tracheal/bronchial to alveolar epithelium

Question 23

what is the treatment for bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

Answer 23

supportive care to limit inflammatory response in bronchioles & alveoli & to prevent secondary bacterial infections

Question 24

how is bovine respiratory syncytial virus prevented?

Answer 24

vaccine, IM/SQ/IN - reduces morbidity & mortality

Question 25

how is bovine respiratory syncytial virus diagnosed?

Answer 25

virus ID of nasal secretions, tracheal aspirates, or lung lavage fluid - difficult to isolate

Question 26

when is the best time to try and diagnose bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

Answer 26

first 7 days of infection - easier to find virus in the infection

Question 27

what are the clinical signs associated with bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

Answer 27

fever, dullness, anorexia, tachypnea, ptyalism, discharge, cough, SQ emphysema

Question 28

what is seen on necropsy of an animal with bovine respiratory syncytial virus?

Answer 28

acute, interstitial edema & expanded lungs

Question 29

what is the etiology of bovine viral diarrhea virus?

Answer 29

enveloped RNA virus, flavivirus - causes immunosuppression & persistent infections

Question 30

what age of animal is affected by bovine viral diarrhea virus?

Answer 30

any age can become infected**

Question 31

what is the pathogenesis of bovine viral diarrhea virus?

Answer 31

co-infection with m. hemolytica, BHV-1, BRSV - exacerbates disease

Question 32

what are the clinical signs associated with bovine viral diarrhea virus?

Answer 32

mild pneumonia, fever, tachypnea, increased lung sounds

Question 33

what diagnostics are used for bovine viral diarrhea virus?

Answer 33

IHC, virus isolation, PCR

Question 34

how is bovine viral diarrhea virus prevented?

Answer 34

vaccination & biosecurity practices

Question 35

what is the etiology of parainfluenza-3?

Answer 35

enveloped RNA virus, paramyxoviridae - widespread infection in small ruminants & cattle

Question 36

what animals are typically affected by parainfluenza-3?

Answer 36

mostly young animals

Question 37

what is the pathogenesis of parainfluenza-3?

Answer 37

predisposes the respiratory tract to other agents, inhibits the mucociliary apparatus, & reduces alveolar macrophage function

Question 38

what are the clinical signs of parainfluenza-3?

Answer 38

subclinical mild symptoms - cough, nasal/ocular discharge, fever, tachypnea, & lung sounds

Question 39

what diagnostics are used for parainfluenza-3?

Answer 39

virus isolation, rt-PCR - easy to isolate

Question 40

what is the treatment for parainfluenza-3?

Answer 40

supportive care

Question 41

what is the prevention for parainfluenza-3?

Answer 41

vaccination in cattle none labelled for sheep/goat

Question 42

what is the etiology of bovine coronavirus?

Answer 42

enveloped RNA - affects calves

Question 43

what are the clinical signs associated with bovine coronavirus?

Answer 43

mild & unnoticed or confounded by other pathogens

Question 44

what diagnostics used for bovine coronavirus?

Answer 44

rt-PCR, & antigen capture enzyme linked immunoassay (ACE)

Question 45

what is the etiology of malignant catarrhal fever?

Answer 45

lymphoproliferative disease due to gamma herpesvirus

Question 46

what age of animals are affected by malignant catarrhal fever?

Answer 46

over 4 weeks old

Question 47

what is the pathogenesis of malignant catarrhal fever?

Answer 47

inhalation of aerosolized virus or direct contact infiltrates the lymphocytes dysregulation of cytotoxic t-cells

Question 48

what diseases must malignant catarrhal fever be differentiated from?

Answer 48

BVD, rinderpest, foot & mouth, & blue tongue

Question 49

what are the clinical signs associated with malignant catarrhal fever?

Answer 49

acute inappetence, fever, ocular/nasal discharge, conjunctivitis, & gi lesions coronitis - hoof/horns may shed, scabs on muzzle

Question 50

what is the most common bacteria identified in feedlot cattle?

Answer 50

mannheima haemolytica

Question 51

what is the etiology of mannheima haemolytica?

Answer 51

gram negative aerobe bacteria - pasteurellaceae family

Question 52

what age of animals are typically affected by mannheima haemolytica?

Answer 52

calves - young ruminants

Question 53

what is the pathogenesis of mannheima haemolytica?

Answer 53

endotoxin release - typically become infected early in life & carry long term stress/transport allows for proliferation

Question 54

what are the clinical signs of mannheima haemolytica?

Answer 54

severe, lobar necrotizing fibrinous pleuropneumonia - diffuse hemorrhage dullness, anorexia, cough, thoracic pain, harsh lung sounds, tachypnea, & tachycardia

Question 55

what diagnostics are used for mannheima haemolytica?

Answer 55

culture from lungs, ultrasound, radiography, TTA, BAL, swab, thoracocentesis

Question 56

what is the treatment used for mannheima haemolytica?

Answer 56

antimicrobials & nsaids

Question 57

how is mannheima haemolytica prevented?

Answer 57

vaccination, prophylactic antimicrobials, & minimize stress

Question 58

what is the etiology of pasteurella multocida?

Answer 58

gram negative aerobic bacteria, pasteurellaceae family - causes multiple diseases

Question 59

what animals are most commonly affected by pasteurella multocida?

Answer 59

calves, young ruminants, dairy cows

Question 60

what is the pathogenesis of pasteurella multocida?

Answer 60

shorter and less severe than M. haemolytica we know very little about the mechanism endotoxin produced

Question 61

what is seen on necropsy in an animal with pasteurella multocida?

Answer 61

plum-colored lung

Question 62

what are the clinical signs associated with pasteurella multocida?

Answer 62

fever, tachypnea, dullness, nasal discharge, coughing, & increased lung sounds

Question 63

what are the diagnostics used for pasteurella multocida?

Answer 63

culture, ultrasound

Question 64

what is the treatment of pasteurella multocida?

Answer 64

longer term therapy of antimicrobials & nsaids

Question 65

how is pasteurella multocida prevented?

Answer 65

prevent respiratory insult & viral infections - less stress, immunity

Question 66

what is the etiology of histophilus somni?

Answer 66

gram negative aerobe, pasteurellaceae family

Question 67

what is the pathogenesis of histophilus somni?

Answer 67

commensal in healthy ruminants - vasculitis & vascular thrombi formation

Question 68

what clinical signs are seen with histophilus somni?

Answer 68

depends on the organ system affected respiratory - fever, tachypnea, nasal discharge, dullness, cough, increased lung sounds

Question 69

what diagnostics are used for histophilus somni?

Answer 69

necropsy - abscesses, edema, fibrin, & hemorrhage difficult to isolate on culture

Question 70

what is the treatment for histophilus somni?

Answer 70

antimicrobials

Question 71

what is the prevention for histophilus somni?

Answer 71

vaccination

Question 72

what is the major disease that mycoplasma bovis causes?

Answer 72

chronic pneumonia

Question 73

what age of animal is typically affected by mycoplasma bovis?

Answer 73

young, under 2 years old

Question 74

what is the pathogenesis of mycoplasma bovis?

Answer 74

opportunistic infection, exact mechanism unknown, evades immune system

Question 75

what are the clinical signs associated with mycoplasma bovis infections?

Answer 75

tachypnea, fever, inappetence, respiratory distress, & can see CNS signs

Question 76

what is seen on necropsy that is supportive of mycoplasma bovis infection?

Answer 76

dark red nodules on the lungs

Question 77

how is mycoplasma bovis diagnosed?

Answer 77

culture or IHC

Question 78

what is the treatment for mycoplasma bovis infections?

Answer 78

tilmicosin multiple antibiotics labelled to treat

Question 79

how is mycoplasma bovis infection prevented?

Answer 79

vaccines - not proven

Question 80

what agent is associated with significant mortality in kids & does?

Answer 80

mycoplasma mycoides

Question 81

what are the clinical signs associated with mycoplasma mycoides infections?

Answer 81

acute/sub-acute syndrome of high fever, swollen joints, pneumonia

Question 82

what diagnostics are used for mycoplasma mycoides infections?

Answer 82

necropsy - isolate organism

Question 83

what is the treatment for mycoplasma mycoides?

Answer 83

antimicrobials don't work - unsuccessful treatment animals rarely recover

Question 84

how is mycoplasma mycoides infection prevented?

Answer 84

don't bring it into the herd

Question 85

what is the etiology of trueperella pyogenes?

Answer 85

gram positive rod-shaped anaerobic bacteria

Question 86

what age of animal is typically affected by trueperella pyogenes?

Answer 86

any age young animals typically get pneumonia

Question 87

what is the pathogenesis of trueperella pyogenes?

Answer 87

cytolytic toxin & other virulence factors

Question 88

what are the clinical signs of trueperella pyogenes infections?

Answer 88

chronic respiratory disease

Question 89

what are the diagnostics used for trueperella pyogenes?

Answer 89

necropsy & culture

Question 90

what is the treatment for trueperella pyogenes infections?

Answer 90

prevent primary causes of pneumonia & don't treat the pathogen

Question 91

what is the etiology of bibersteinia trehalosi?

Answer 91

gram negative aerobe, pasteurellaceae family

Question 92

what age of animals are typically affected by bibersteinia trehalosi?

Answer 92

young

Question 93

what is the pathogenesis of bibersteinia trehalosi?

Answer 93

produces severe leukotoxin

Question 94

what are the clinical signs associated with bibersteinia trehalosi?

Answer 94

they typically die before clinical signs are seen

Question 95

what diagnostics are used for bibersteinia trehalosi?

Answer 95

culture & PCR

Question 96

what treatment is used for bibersteinia trehalosi?

Answer 96

none - they die

Question 97

what prevention is used for bibersteinia trehalosi?

Answer 97

vaccines for mannheima haemolytica may be helpful

Question 98

why are chlamydial agents such a problem?

Answer 98

there are so many, and they infect the animal early in life where they become chronic carriers

Question 99

what are some other names for interstitial pneumonias?

Answer 99

bovine pulmonary emphysema, atypical interstitial pneumonia (AIP), fog fever, pulmonary adenomatosis, farmer’s lung, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

Question 100

what is acute interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 100

any respiratory condition characterized by a sudden onset of dyspnea, typically severe, with gross and histopathologic findings consistent with AIP

Question 101

what is seen on necropsy of an animal with acute interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 101

heavy, firm, textured lungs that don't collapse

Question 102

what is seen on histopathology of an animal with acute interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 102

alveolar hyaline membrane formation, fibrin deposition, interstitial edema

Question 103

what animals are commonly affected by acute bovine pulmonary edema?

Answer 103

cows changed from dry, sparse forage to lush green pastures typically over 2 years old

Question 104

what is the pathogenesis of acute bovine pulmonary edema? what plants is it seen with?

Answer 104

cell damage, degeneration, necrosis alfalfa, rape, kale, turnip top

Question 105

what are the clinical signs seen with acute bovine pulmonary edema?

Answer 105

dyspnea, expiratory grunt, frothing at mouth, mouth breathing, head and neck extension – drastically improve after 3 days if survive

Question 106

what is seen on necropsy of an animal with acute bovine pulmonary edema?

Answer 106

ecchymoses or petechial hemorrhage, congestion, edema

Question 107

what is seen on histopathology of an animal with acute bovine pulmonary edema?

Answer 107

eosinophilic hyaline membrane, history of lush green pasture

Question 108

what is the treatment for acute bovine pulmonary edema?

Answer 108

stress can exacerbate, antihistamines, corticosteroids

Question 109

how is acute bovine pulmonary edema prevented?

Answer 109

management strategies

Question 110

what is the etiology of feedlot acute interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 110

unknown - likely multifactorial

Question 111

what clinical signs are seen in feedlot acute interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 111

dead in pen, dyspnea, tachypnea, open mouth breathing, cyanosis, SQ emphysema

Question 112

what is found on necropsy in an animal with feedlot acute interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 112

identical to acute bovine pulmonary edema - dark & light-colored lobules

Question 113

how is feedlot acute interstitial pneumonia diagnosed?

Answer 113

histopathologic evaluation is definitive

Question 114

what is the treatment for feedlot acute interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 114

supportive - nsaids, antimicrobials, & diuretics

Question 115

what is the etiology of 4-ipomeanol (moldy sweet potato toxicity)?

Answer 115

infestation of toxin in response to infestation with fusarium solani (fungi)

Question 116

what age of animals are affected by 4-ipomeanol toxicity?

Answer 116

nursing cows unaffected even if the cow is affected

Question 117

what is the pathogenesis of 4-ipomeanol toxicity?

Answer 117

toxin is absorbed in rumen & travels to the lungs in the blood

Question 118

what are the clinical signs of 4-ipomeanol toxicity?

Answer 118

acute tachypnea, tachycardia, hyperpnea, dyspnea, expiratory grunting, frothing at the mouth, head/neck extension, cough, harsh lung sounds

Question 119

how is 4-ipomeanol toxicity diagnosed?

Answer 119

based on the history of finding sweet potatoes in the feed, clinical signs

Question 120

what is seen on necropsy of an animal that died from 4-ipomeanol toxicity?

Answer 120

lungs are firm, wet, fail to collapse, hemorrhage, yellow gelatinous edema

Question 121

what is the treatment for 4-ipomeanol toxicity?

Answer 121

nothing specific - similar to acute bovine pulmonary edema diuretics, nsaids, & antimicrobials

Question 122

what is the prognosis of 4-ipomeanol toxicity?

Answer 122

grave if severe case

Question 123

how is 4-ipomeanol toxicity prevented?

Answer 123

don't feed mold-damaged sweet potatoes

Question 124

An 18 month old beef steer is presented for evaluation of severe cough that has persisted after 2 treatments for pneumonia. Physical examination leads you to a diagnosis of calf diphtheria. What is the best treatment strategy? A) sinocentesis and antibiotic impregnated bead placement B) systemic antibiotics and NSAID therapy C) tracheal lavage with 3 liters of sterile saline for 5 consecutive days D) sedated abscess drainage E) tracheal stent placement via endoscopy

Answer 124

B) systemic antibiotics and NSAID therapy

Question 125

A 5 year old horned bull presents with a slight head tilt, copious mucopurulent nasal discharge, and halitosis. Which of the following is an appropriate diagnostic and treatment plan for this bull? A) endoscopy with a one time local infusion of oxytetracycline B) radiographs to determine affected sinus(es) trephination and lavage C) no diagnostics needed, dehorn the bull and let the flies clean up the infection D) percuss the sinuses, use the nasolacrimal duct to lavage Nal into the affected sinus E) None of the above

Answer 125

B) radiographs to determine affected sinus(es) trephination and lavage