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LA DX & TX I > Exam 1 - Equine Pruritus > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Equine Pruritus Flashcards

1
Q

what is erythema/erythroderma? what does it typically indicate?

A

redness - inflammatory process

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2
Q

what is this lesion? primary or secondary?

A

macule/patch - primary

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3
Q

what is this lesion? primary or secondary?

A

papules - primary

typically less than 1 cm, represents cell infiltration

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4
Q

what is this lesion? primary or secondary? would you sample this?

A

pustule - primary, yes

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5
Q

what is this lesion type? what animal is it common in?

A

plaque - coalescing papules that you can palpate change in elevation

cats

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6
Q

what is the difference between a vesicle & bulla?

A

vesicle is a smaller version of a bulla

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7
Q

what is this lesion? primary or secondary?

A

vesicle/bulla - primary

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8
Q

what diagnostic test would you use for this primary lesion?

A

biopsy/culture

this is a nodule - has a large infiltration of cells that can be infectious, inflammatory, or neoplastic in nature

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9
Q

what is this primary lesion type? what animals commonly get these?

A

wheal/urticaria (hives) - horses

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10
Q

what is this lesion? primary or secondary?

A

epidermal collarette - secondary lesion

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11
Q

why are epidermal collarettes secondary lesions?

A

it is a ruptured pustule!!

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12
Q

what is this? how does it occur

A

erosion/ulcer

a vesicle/bulla ruptures - determined to be an erosion or ulcer by the depth of the lesion

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13
Q

what is the difference between an erosion & an ulcer?

A

an erosion is more superficial, is only epidermis, & heals without a scar

an ulcer crosses into the dermis & heals with a scar

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14
Q

what is this? what does its presence imply?

A

lichenification - implies chronicity & is commonly seen with hyperpigmentation

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15
Q

what is this lesion & how is it caused?

A

excoriation - self-induced version of an erosion/ulcer, typically seen in a linear fashion

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16
Q

what is this lesion? why can it be either primary or secondary?

A

scale

primary - animal has an inability to make normal skin

secondary - secondary to infection

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17
Q

what is this lesion? why can it be either a primary or secondary lesion?

A

crust

primary - autoimmune disease

secondary - ruptured pustule (scab)

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18
Q

what is this lesion?

A

crust

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19
Q

follicular casts can be primary or secondary & are commonly seen with what infection?

A

dermatophytosis

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20
Q

what is this?

A

follicular casts - paint brush appearance

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21
Q

what is this lesion? primary or secondary?

A

comedones - blackhead, plugged follicle that is oxidized

can be either primary or secondary

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22
Q

what is this lesion?

A

hyperpigmentation - primary (birthmark)

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23
Q

what is the difference in primary & secondary hyperpigmentation?

A

primary would be something like a birthmark or freckle

secondary - longterm problem, allergies/infection, can go away in time

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24
Q

how can hypopigmentation/depigmentation be a primary or secondary lesion?

A

primary - vitiligo (autoimmune)

secondary - disruption of the lower layers of the epidermis

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25
Q

why is it important to differentiate inflammatory alopecia from non-inflammatory alopecia?

A

inflammatory - hair is being pulled/scratched out

non-inflammatory - hair is falling out

helpful to indicate pruritic disease

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26
Q

what are the first 4 steps when approaching dermatological lesions in horses?

A
  1. what am I looking at?
  2. is it a primary or secondary lesion?
  3. what is the pattern?
  4. why is it here? need a sound history (pruritic or not)
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27
Q

what are some clinical signs of itching in horses that an owner may not notice?

A

tail twitching, stomping, rolling, & head shaking

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28
Q

what big 3 categories are you approaching dermatology cases with?

A

parasites, infections, & allergies

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29
Q

what is xeroderma?

A

dry skin

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30
Q

big 3 components for working up a pruritic horse?

A

history

clinical signs

physical examination

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31
Q

why is location so important when looking at dermatological lesions?

A

helps narrow down your differentials

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32
Q

what is your minimum database when starting a derm case?

A

parasite combing, skin scrape, anti-parasite trials/fly control, & skin cytology

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33
Q

if your minimum database doesn’t provide many results, what may you pursue diagnostically?

A

allergy trials

culture

biopsy

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34
Q

what are the two main categories that cause pruritic disease?

A

parasites & infection

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35
Q

when might you use a skin scrape?

A

suspect mites - get multiple sites including the feathers

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36
Q

if doing an impression cytology, what do you want to sample?

A

intact pustule or underneath a crust

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37
Q

what is the most common fungal infection seen in horses?

A

trichophyton

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38
Q

if doing a fungal culture in horses, what must you do for monitoring & what is required for growth?

A

monitor daily & keep for 21 days

needs B vitamins

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39
Q

what is pediculosis?

A

lice!!!!

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40
Q

what kind of lice is this?

A

biting - werneckiella equi

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41
Q

what kind of lice is this?

A

sucking - haematopinus asini

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42
Q

if I am concerned about my horse having biting lice, where should I look?

A

head, mane, & tail base - they loooove exfoliated skin cells & debris

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43
Q

if i’m scared my horse has sucking lice, where do I look?

A

head, neck, back, thighs, & fetlocks - they looove blood & tissue fluid

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44
Q

why is it good and bad that lice are species/host specific?

A

good because I can’t get them

bad because their horse/donkey friends will definitely get them because it is contagious

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45
Q

what season am I worried most about lice?

A

colder months

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46
Q

what animals do lice prefer?

A

young, old, & debilitated animals in over-crowded settings

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47
Q

what clinical signs may I see if my horse has lice?

A

variable pruritus, scaling, poor hair coat, alopecia, & anemia (rare)

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48
Q

why is this scary!

A

it’s LICE

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49
Q

why would you scream if you saw this?

A

it’s lice and there is no other reason needed

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50
Q

when considering ticks as the source of pruritus in a horse, this will be more of a _______ problem (focal/multifocal/diffuse)

A

focal

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51
Q

with most ticks being 3 host ticks, why does this make our lives more difficult?

A

parasite control becomes harder

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52
Q

this silly hat will help protect my horse from what tick?

A

otobius megnini - causes otitis externa

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53
Q

what clinical signs are commonly seen with otobius megnini?

A

head shaking, head rubbing, abnormal head carriage, seizures (rare), & ataxia (rare)

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54
Q

I have a bunch of itchy horses with distribution seen in the red….why am I concerned?

A

psoroptes equi!!!! a non-burrowing mite!!!!!!

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55
Q

how is psoroptes equi spread?

A

direct or indirect contact

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56
Q

T/F: ears are usually affected as well in psoroptes equi infections

A

true

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57
Q

why should you treat all in-contact animals with psoroptes equi?

A

10% of your herd????

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58
Q

if my horse is itchy in these locations……why am I scared?

A

SARCOPTES SCABEI!!!!!

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59
Q

can I get sarcoptes scabei?

A

yup! zoonotic!

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60
Q

what do I do immediately if my horse has sarcoptes scabei???

A

REPORT IT!!!! it’s eradicated in the USA

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61
Q

clinical signs of sarcoptes scabei?

A

INTENSE PRURITUS!!! severe disease :/

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62
Q

what kind of mite is sarcoptes scabei? (burrowing/non-burrowing)

A

burrowing

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63
Q

if this is where my horse is itchy, what am I thinking??

A

chorioptes equi!!! in my feathered draft breeds!

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64
Q

how is chorioptes equi spread?

A

direct or indirect contact - animals may be asymptomatic carriers

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65
Q

what season is chorioptes equi common in?

A

winter time

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66
Q

top differential?

A

chorioptes equi

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67
Q

what are the 3 mites you’re looking for when doing a skin scrape?

A

psoroptes, sarcoptes, & chorioptes

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68
Q

name that mite!

A

sarcoptes scabei

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69
Q

name that mite!

A

chorioptes!

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70
Q

name that mite!

A

psoroptes

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71
Q

what is the fancy name for chiggers?

A

trombiculiasis

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72
Q

‘papules with an orange dot in the center’ - describes what?

A

chiggers

dot = chigger larva

73
Q

what seasons are chiggers more prevalent? what environments?

A

summer & fall

pasture, paddocks, & trails (tall grass)

74
Q

why do chiggers cause itching?

A

the larvae feed on tissue fluid

75
Q

this distribution is common for what small bug?

A

chiggers

76
Q

between our 2 nematode parasites, which one causes pruritic signs & which one causes nodular lesions? (oncocerca cervicalis & habronema)

A

pruritus - oncocerca cervicalis

nodular lesions - habronema sp.

77
Q

what is the pathogenesis of oncocerca cervicalis?

A

the wormies live in the nuchal ligament & produce microfilaria that migrate to the skin & are ingested by the intermediate host culicoides (biting midges)

this leads to non-seasonal pruritus that is highest in populations in the spring - causing idiosyncratic hypersensitivity reactions to microfilarial antigens

78
Q

this lesion distribution is common in what nematode infestation

A

oncocerca cervicalis - cutaneous lesions associated with microfilaria deposition

79
Q

with the prevalence of infection being high with oncocerca cervicalis, how should I treat this?

A

use ivermectin & moxidectin dewormers

80
Q

T/F: only some horses will develop clinical signs with oncocerca cervicalis infestations & horses older than 4 years old are more likely to be having issues

A

true

81
Q

what ocular lesions may be seen in oncocerca cervicalis infections?

A

sclerosing keratitis

vitiligo (bulbar conjunctiva)

white nodules (pigmented conjunctiva)

uveitis

depigmentation bordering the optic disk

82
Q

what is a permanent change seen in oncocerca cervicalis infections?

A

leukoderma at the site of skin lesions

83
Q

what is the fancy science name for pinworms??

A

oxyuris equi

84
Q

this lesion distribution is commonly seen with what parasitic infection?

A

oxyuris equi - itchy ass!!!

85
Q

how do horses get pinworms?

A

the ingest the eggs from their environment

86
Q

what are the clinical signs seen with pinworms? what horses does it typically affect?

A

restlessness, irritability, itchy ass

stabled horses

87
Q

if I suspect pinworms, what diagnostic test should I do? what would I expect to see?

A

tape prep!!

eggs on the tape prep of the perineum

88
Q

what is this?

A

pin worms - oxyuris equi

89
Q

T/F: differential diagnoses for pruritus in the horse regarding infections is generally secondary to something else

A

true

90
Q

what are my big three differentials for pruritic infections in the horse?

A

bacteria, dermatophytosis, & malassezia

91
Q

if I see an itchy horse with this lesion distribution, what am I thinking?

A

bacterial follicultis - staph spp. (s. aureus, delphini, pseudintermedius)

92
Q

T/F: bacterial folliculitis is common & is often mistaken for dermatophytosis

A

true

93
Q

if I suspect bacterial folliculitis, what is my first line of treatment?

A

TOPICALS!!!!!!!!! antiseptic therapy!!!!! this is a superficial bacterial problem

94
Q

why is topical therapy important to use for bacterial folliculitis?

A

decreases organism adherence & numbers, mechanical removal of infectious debris, decreases the need for antibiotics, additional beneficial properties such as drying/soothing, & there is a greater chance for resistance to antibiotics than an antiseptic

95
Q

what is the most common MRSA in dogs? horses? which one is a bigger concern?

A

dogs - s. pseudintermedius

horses - s. aureus

s. aureus - this is a people problem!!

96
Q

T/F: malassezia dermatitis is historically under-reported in horses

A

true

97
Q

what body areas are commonly affected in horses with malassezia problems?

A

skin folds!! causes a greasy-waxy exudate

98
Q

what is this?

A

malassezia

99
Q

what is the most common cause of equine pruritus??

A

insect hypersensitivity!!

100
Q

T/F: insect hypersensitivity is usually a type 1 hypersensitivity that is mediated by IgE & may progress to a type IV hypersensitivity

A

true

101
Q

what are the 3 bugs i’m thinking about when it comes to insect hypersensitivity?

A

flies, mosquitoes, & culicoides

102
Q

why does it matter that I know what bug is affecting my horse?

A

controlling the insects causing the problem will control my insect hypersensitivity problem!

103
Q

how do I know what insect is causing my horse problems??

A

-feeding location preferences

  • time of day for feeding

-environmental requirements

104
Q

what is the lesion distribution for gnats (culicoides)?

A

dorsum, ventrum, face, & ears

105
Q

what bug causes this lesion distribution??

A

culicoides!

106
Q

what bug is the most common cause of insect hypersensitivity?

A

culicoides!!

107
Q

what is the feeding time for culicoides?

A

twilight to dawn

108
Q

what environment is needed for culicoides?

A

STANDING WATER, manure, & vegetation

109
Q

T/F: big fans in stables can help with a culicoides problem because they are weak fliers

A

true

110
Q

what are common names for culicoides problems?

A

queensland itch & sweet itch

111
Q

what is the lesion distribution for mosquitoes?

A

ventral midline, lower limbs, & may be generalized

112
Q

what bug causes this lesion distribution?

A

mosquitoes

113
Q

what is the feeding time for mosquitoes?

A

feed dusk to 2 hours past sunset

114
Q

what is the environment for mosquitoes?

A

water

115
Q

what bug causes this lesion localization?

A

horse flies - tabanus

116
Q

what is the lesion distribution for horse flies?

A

ventral midline, neck, ears, lower limbs, & generalized all over because they are mean

117
Q

what time of day do horse flies feed?

A

daytime

118
Q

what is the environment for horse flies?

A

vegetation & water

119
Q

like the horse flies, this fly also has a lesion distribution of ventral midline, neck, ears, lower limbs, & generalized all over. what is it?

A

deer fly - chrysops

120
Q

what is the feeding time for deer flies? environment?

A

daytime

vegetation & water

121
Q

what fly is generally associated with the presence of cattle? why?

A

horn flies - haematobia

they loooove poop in their environment

122
Q

what fly causes this lesion distribution?

A

horn flies

123
Q

what is the lesion distribution for horn flies?

A

ventral midline

124
Q

what time of day do horn flies feed?

A

daytime

125
Q

what fly has an environment of rotting vegetation?

A

stable flies - stomoxys

126
Q

what time of day do stable flies feed?

A

daytime

127
Q

what is the lesion distribution of stable flies?

A

dorsum, ventrum, midline, neck, & lower limbs

128
Q

what fly causes this lesion distribution?

A

stable flies

129
Q

what fly causes this lesion distribution?`

A

black flies - simulium

130
Q

what is the lesion distribution of black flies?

A

face (especially ventral chin), ears, & ventral midline

131
Q

what is the feeding time for black flies?

A

morning & evening feeders

132
Q

what environment is needed for black flies?

A

RUNNING water

133
Q

how can I improve my management of insect control in regards to my horse’s environment?

A

clean it up!!

remove decaying vegetation, manure, & standing water

134
Q

how can I improve my management of insect control in regards to my changing my horse’s environment?

A

use fans in stalls, mesh guards, move them away from cattle, & move from pasture to stable in consideration of feeding times

135
Q

how can I improve my management of insect control in regards to my horse’s environment when considering time in the pasture?

A

stall the horses during peak feeding times

136
Q

T/F: permethrin & oil products last longer than pyrethrins for insect control

A

true

137
Q

what should be my first line of treatment for insect control?

A

topical insecticides, fly mesh, & fly sheets

138
Q

what is atopic dermatitis?

A

genetically predisposed inflammatory & pruritic allergic skin disease with characteristic clinical features associated with IgE antibodies most commonly directed against environmental allergens - allergic to something in the environment

139
Q

why should ‘buyer beware’ in cases of atopic dermatitis?

A

horse may have been sold in their good season when they are not clinical

can be seasonal or non-seasonal

140
Q

how does an animal get atopic dermatitis?

A

inherited predisposition to form sensitizing antibodies to environmental allergens such as pollens, molds, dust, & storage mites

141
Q

what are some examples of pro-inflammatory mediators in atopic dermatitis?

A

histamine, heparin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, bradykinin, chymase, tryptase, & platelet activating factors

142
Q

what is the lesion distribution of atopic dermatitis?

A

bilaterally symmetrical!! pruritus may or may not be generalized/seasonal

143
Q

what clinical sign is commonly seen with atopic dermatitis?

A

urticaria

144
Q

how is atopic dermatitis diagnosed?

A

clinical diagnosis is based on exclusion of other pruritic skin diseases - there is no specific test

but - positive serum/skin testing can support your diagnosis & guide therapy

145
Q

what does treatment of atopic dermatitis with conservative medical management entail?

A

bathing, antihistamines, & fatty acid supplementation

146
Q

what does treatment of atopic dermatitis with more aggressive medical management entail?

A

corticosteroids & apoquel - 0.25mg/kg

147
Q

what does treatment of atopic dermatitis by retraining the immune system entail?

A

allergen specific immunotherapy

148
Q

what are the downfalls of using steroids in horses?

A

possibility of developing laminitis, horses lack the ability of effective glucuronidation so use prednisolone instead of prednisone, & dexamethasone may have a lower probability of causing laminitis than other steroids

149
Q

T/F: contact allergy in horses is rare

A

true

150
Q

this lesion distribution in horses involves a type IV hypersensitivity & is rare in horses - what is it?

A

contact allergy

151
Q

how do I avoid contact allergy in horses?

A

avoid the offending agents

152
Q

what are the non-immunologic causes of urticaria?

A

cold-induced, exercise-induced, stress/psychogenic, sunlight, genetic, idiopathy, & dermatographism (pressure)

153
Q

what are some examples of immunologic causes of urticaria?

A

allergic reaction, stinging insect, snake bite, infections, infestations, drug reactions (medication, vaccine, transfusion), plants, & vasculitis

154
Q

what is the duration of chronic urticaria?

A

can last 6-8 weeks even though individual lesions are short lived - work up of the underlying cause/trigger is VERY important in these cases

155
Q

T/F: with acute urticaria, empirical treatment with steroids/antihistamines can be used but you often won’t find the underlying cause/trigger

A

true

156
Q

each individual lesion of urticaria can last as long as _______ hours even without treatment

A

24-48 hours

157
Q

what does your history work-up for urticaria include? what else should be looked at?

A

previous medications, change in temperature, change in exercise, vaccinations, & season

animal’s environment

158
Q

T/F: skin infections of horses are generally secondary to some other cause

A

true

159
Q

what is an allergen?

A

antigen that favors the development of a hypersensitivity response

160
Q

what is cellulitis?

A

diffuse inflammation of deep dermis & subcutaneous tissues

161
Q

what is dermatophytosis?

A

fungal infection of keratinized skin, hair, or claws (ringworm)

162
Q

what is furunculosis?

A

deep or penetrating folliculitis in which the integrity of the follicular wall has been compromised & follicular contents have escaped into the surrounding tissues

163
Q

T/F: hyperpigmentation is often a result of chronic inflammation

A

true

164
Q

what is leukoderma?

A

decreased pigmentation of the skin or non-pigmented skin

165
Q

what is lichenification?

A

thickened/hardened skin with exaggerated epidermal markings seen in chronic skin disease

166
Q

what is arguably the most important part of your dermatologic exam?

A

HISTORY

167
Q

how do you diagnose lice?

A

combing - demonstrate nits/adult lice

168
Q

what is the treatment for lice in warm weather? cold weather?

A

warm - bathing with insecticidal shampoo 3x a day for 10 days

colder weather/large number of animals affected - topical insecticides at labeled dose, typically 2 applications a day for 2 weeks

169
Q

how do ticks causes problems in horses?

A

bite injury (secondary infection & myiasis), sucking blood, disease transmission, & tick paralysis

170
Q

T/F: it is okay to use amitraz on horses with ticks

A

FALSE!!! don’t

171
Q

how are psoroptes mites diagnosed? treatment?

A

skin scrape may or may not help - response to treatment is often helpful

topical & oral antiparasitics

172
Q

like psoroptes, how is sarcoptes diagnosed? treated?

A

skin scrape may or may not help - response to treatment is often helpful

topical & oral antiparasitics

173
Q

feathered breeds & draft breeds are most commonly affected by what mites?

A

chorioptes

174
Q

how is chorioptes diagnosed? treatment?

A

skin scrape, combing/brushing of feathers, demonstration of mites

clip feathers, thorough cleaning of barn/disinfection of tools/tack, & topical antiparasitics

175
Q

what would a biopsy look like in a positive animal for oncocerca cervicalis?

A

superficial & deep perivascular to interstitial dermatitis with numerous eosinophils & microfilariae usually in superficial dermis

176
Q

how do you diagnose malassezia? treatment?

A

cytology - yeast adhered to keratinocytes, waxy/greasy areas yield best samples

focal areas - daily cleaning & spot application of antifungals

multifocal/generalized lesions - total body application of shampoo and/or rinse twice weekly for 3 weeks

177
Q

what is the hallmark of clinical signs with insect bite hypersensitivity?

A

pruritus

178
Q

T/F: serum allergy testing and/or intradermal testing for insect bite hypersensitivity does not diagnose allergy

A

true

LA DX & TX I (45 decks)

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