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LA DX & TX I > Exam 3 - Diarrheal Disorders > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Diarrheal Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what 4 diseases are common causes of acute diarrhea of adolescent-to-adult cattle?

A

BVD, mucosal disease, salmonellosis, & winter dysentery

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2
Q

what are 4 diseases that cause chronic diarrhea & weight loss?

A

paratuberculosis, eosinophilic enteritis, mucosal disease, & salmonellosis

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3
Q

what disease causes acute diarrhea with oral erosions in cows?

A

mucosal disease/BVD

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4
Q

what is the etiology of BVD?

A

pestivirus - RNA virus

cytopathic & non-cytopathic strains - antigenic diversity & high rate of mutation

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5
Q

what is the pathophysiology of BVD?

A

contact with infected excretions/secretions - virus is taken up by reticuloendothelial cells & replication occurs in lymphocytes & macrophages

virema occurs in the gi tract, respiratory tract, & reproductive tract & the virus is shed

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6
Q

what are the clinical signs of BVD?

A

subclinical infection, diarrhea +/- blood, fever, decreased feed intake, decreased milk production, & oral erosions

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7
Q

what signs of hemorrhage are seen with BVD?

A

petechiae/ecchymoses, bleeding from injection sites, bloody diarrhea, epistaxis, & destruction/sequestration of platelets

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8
Q

what signs of immunosuppression are seen with BVD?

A

transient leukopenia/lymphopenia, altered T/B lymphocyte/neutrophil/monocyte/macrophage function, & decreased resistance to infection

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9
Q

how do you end up with a PI calf from BVD?

A

dam gets infected with the virus 80-100 days into gestation with the non-cytopathic strain of the virus, so the fetus is immunotolerant - affected calves may be normal or stunted

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10
Q

how does a PI calf develop mucosal disease?

A

the non-cytopathic virus either mutates to the cytopathic type (most common) or the animal comes into contact with the cytopathic virus & develops an overwhelming viremia with severe clinical signs causing death

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11
Q

what happens if a dam gets infected with BVD 50-100 days into gestation?

A

abortion/stillbirth

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12
Q

what happens if a dam gets infected with BVD 80-100 days into gestation?

A

has a PI calf with persistent viremia, can be normal or stunted

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13
Q

what happens if a dam gets infected with BVD 100-180 days into gestation?

A

birth defects

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14
Q

what happens if a dam gets infected with BVD <125 days into gestation?

A

immunotolerant calf

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15
Q

what happens if a dam gets infected with BVD >125 days into gestation?

A

immunocompetent calf

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16
Q

what happens if a dam gets infected with BVD >180 days into gestation?

A

no ill effects

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17
Q

when would you use IHC of skin biopsies for BVD?

A

testing for PI calves

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18
Q

when would you use PCR testing for BVD?

A

PI calf or an acutely affected calf

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19
Q

T/F: calves that nurse seropositive cows for BVD will have positive titers for BVD regardless of infection status

A

true

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20
Q

what are the control measures used for BVD?

A

removal of PI calves - test suspected calves & whole herd when they are open instead of when they are pregnant, not wasting money

vaccination of breeding herd - MLV vaccine type I & II, not when they are stressed/pregnant because they can cause immunosuppression/viremia/abortion

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21
Q

how is salmonellosis transmitted?

A

fecal oral transmission

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22
Q

T/F: salmonella is a ubiquitous organism & most infections are subclinical

A

true

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23
Q

what salmonella is host-adapted to cattle?

A

s. dublin

24
Q

what is important about salmonella typhimurium?

A

**

25
Q

cattle & sheep are the most common host for what salmonella?

A

serovar c - s. newport

26
Q

what is eosinophilic enterocolitis?

A

IBD with eosinophilic infiltrates causing a malabsorptive diarrhea that isn’t well understood

27
Q

eosinophilic enterocolitis presents similarly to what other disease?

A

johne’s disease - causes diarrhea, weight loss, & similar age of onset

28
Q

what is the treatment for eosinophilic enterocolitis?

A

steroids

29
Q

what is the agent that causes johne’s disease?

A

mycobacterium avium sub species paratuberculosis - acid fast organism

30
Q

what is in this picture?

A

mycobacterium avium sub species paratuberculosis

31
Q

why is mycobacterium avium sub species paratuberculosis persistent in the environment?

A

persists in soil up to 1 year - alkaline soils decrease survival

resists pasteurization at 63 C for 30 minutes

several strains persist

32
Q

what is the host range of johne’s?

A

cattle, sheep, goats, other feral & domestic ruminants with occasional reports in camelids

33
Q

how is johne’s disease transmitted?

A

fecal oral is the biggest!!!

colostral, milk, transplacental, & coital

34
Q

what are the risk factors associated with age & infectious dose in regards to johne’s disease?

A

neonates are at risk

increased dose = increased likelihood of infection & decreased time to patency

35
Q

what breeds are predisposed to johne’s?

A

dairy > beef

channel island breeds & shorthorn

36
Q

what concurrent disease/stressors add a risk factor to developing johne’s disease?

A

dietary imbalance, immunosuppressive disease, parturition, & transportation

37
Q

what is the silent stage of infection of johne’s disease?

A

no clinical signs/ill effects - generally seronegative but may be culture positive

38
Q

what is the subclinical stage of infection of johne’s disease?

A

potential mildly decreased productivity, often seronegative, 20% culture positive

39
Q

what is the clinical stage of infection of johne’s disease?

A

decreased production & BCS, diarrhea, normal appetite, excessive thirst

40
Q

what is the advanced clinical disease stage of infection of johne’s disease?

A

emaciation, fluid diarrhea, +/- edema, & weakness

41
Q

for each stage 3 johne’s cows, what can you expect? what about stage 2? stage 1?

A

stage 3 - 1-2 animals not yet known to be infected

stage 2 - inapparent carrier adults, 6-8 animals affected

stage 1 - infected calves/livestock, 10-15 animals

42
Q

what are the common clinical signs of johne’s disease in cows?

A

‘old cow’ disease, clinical signs are rare before 2 years of age, chronic progressive weight loss, good appetite, singular animals ill at any time, calving precipitates clinical signs because of stress

diarrhea - intermittent progressing to persistent watery without blood or casts

increased external parasite burden, dependent edema, bottle jaw

43
Q

what clinical signs are seen in sheep/goats with johne’s?

A

chronic weight loss, watery feces are rare, younger at presentation, goats are sicker at presentation

44
Q

what are some differentials for johne’s in sheep & goats?

A

endoparasitism, CL internal abscesses, starvation, CAE/OPP, organ failure

45
Q

what tests are commonly used to diagnose johne’s disease? less commonly used tests?

A

serology - ELISA

fecal culture - herrold’s egg yolk & TREK liquid media, fecal PCR

less common - rectal biopsy/acid fast stain & intestinal/ileocecal lymph node biopsy culture/histopathology

46
Q

what is the clinical course of winter dysentery? how long until the herd outbreak resolves?

A

clinical course - 3 days

2 weeks for herd

47
Q

T/F: there is high morbidity & mortality associated with winter dysentery

A

false - only high morbidity, no mortality

48
Q

what are the clinical signs of winter dysentery?

A

fever, fulminate diarrhea that is dark/bloody & rapid spreads, decreased milk production, inconsistent respiratory signs, & most severe in young

49
Q

what is the etiology of winter dysentery?

A

undetermined - suspected to be similar to coronavirus because corona-like virus particles are found in feces, rising titers are seen following clinical disease, corona virus antigen in the crypt cells, & corona virus is isolated from feces

50
Q

what clinical signs are associated with acute enteritis of salmonellosis?

A

fever, anorexia, diarrhea that is bloody/has mucus/casts, & dehydration

51
Q

what clinical signs are associated with chronic enteritis of salmonellosis?

A

chronic or intermittent diarrhea - ill thrift in some cases

52
Q

T/F: salmonellosis can cause septicemia

A

true

53
Q

how is salmonellosis diagnosed?

A

characteristic clinical signs, microbiological isolation from tissues, isolation from feces (clinical vs. carriers & hematologic changes), & isolation from milk in DUBLIN ONLY

54
Q

what is the treatment for salmonellosis?

A

do not treat the carriers!!!!!

clinical disease - appropriate antibiotics (ceftiofur), NSAIDS (flunixin), fluid therapy, acid base correction, & cull

55
Q

how is salmonellosis prevented?

A

environmental hygiene, prevent transmission, minimize predisposing stressors, removal of carriers/reservoir, & improve passive transfer in calves

LA DX & TX I (45 decks)

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