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LA DX & TX I > Exam 2 - Introduction to Food Animal Respiratory Disease > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Introduction to Food Animal Respiratory Disease Flashcards

1
Q

what animals are predisposed to developing mycotic or bacterial granulomas?

A

no age, breed, or seasonal predilections - cases appear sporadically

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2
Q

what is the pathogenesis of mycotic/bacterial granulomas?

A

inoculation of eroded nasal mucosa with fungal spores or filamentous bacteria from the environment

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3
Q

what are some common differentials for mycotic/bacterial granuloma?

A

allergic rhinitis

foreign bodies

tumors

nasal actinobacillosis

oestrus ovis - small ruminants

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4
Q

what is the prevention for mycotic/bacterial granulomas?

A

there is none - animals breath in things from the dirt

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5
Q

what may accentuate clinical signs associated with mycotic/bacterial granulomas?

A

heat & dust in the environment

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6
Q

what is the treatment for mycotic/bacterial granulomas?

A

surgical excision & long term sodium iodine therapy

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7
Q

what is the prognosis of mycotic/bacterial granulomas?

A

decent to good

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8
Q

what do mycotic/bacterial granulomas look like?

A

single to multiple, unilateral

anywhere in the nasal cavity

yellow/green, red, nodules or polyps

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9
Q

how are mycotic/bacterial granulomas diagnosed?

A

endoscopy, biopsy, culture

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10
Q

what do mycotic/bacterial granulomas look like on histopath?

A

granulation tissues with eosinophils, mononuclear cells, sporangia, +/- hyphae, +/- filamentous bacteria

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11
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with mycotic/bacterial granulomas?

A

stridor, dyspnea, mucopurulent nasal discharge, epistaxis, rubbing nose, reduced airflow & open mouth breathing in advanced cases

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12
Q

what breed/age of cows are predisposed to allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

channel island & friesians - familial association reported

6 months to 2 years old

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13
Q

what animals are typically affected by allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

cattle & possible sheep

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14
Q

what is usually the inciting antigen of allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

fungal spore

or plant pollen

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15
Q

what is the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

inciting antigen of pollen or fungal spore - homocytotropic antibody develops & re-exposure causes localized, ongoing type 1 hypersensitivity

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16
Q

what happens with chronic allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas? what is it indicative of?

A

hyperplasia, metaplasia, mucosal hypersecretion, & granulomatous inflammation of nasolacrimal tissues

type IV hypersensitivity reaction

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17
Q

what type of year will you see more problems with allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

warm, moist conditions

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18
Q

how is allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas diagnosed?

A

eosinophil counts in nasal secretions correlate with susceptibility of the animal & activity of the disease

use endoscopy, biopsy, cultures, antigen detection (viruses, bacteria, fungi), & serology to rule out

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19
Q

what is the end stage clinical sign associated with allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

enzootic granulomas diffusely disseminated in the nasal cavity - constant clinical signs that get worse with warm/moist seasons

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20
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

sneezing, nasal pruritus, acute dyspnea, stertorous inspiration, profuse nasal discharge, head shaking, & facial swelling

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21
Q

what are the clinical signs of severe cases of allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

tachypnea, hyperpnea, nasal mucosal ulceration, & may result in foreign bodies from so much face rubbing

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22
Q

what do the granulomas look like in enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

multiple, firm, white, raised nodules, 1-2mm in diameter

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23
Q

what is the major differential to consider for allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

fungal granulomas

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24
Q

other than fungal granulomas, what other differentials should be considered for allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

foreign bodies, respiratory viruses, actinomycosis/actinobacillosis, tumors, o. ovis in small ruminants, or chemical irritants

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25
Q

what is the prevention for allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

unknown - don’t expose the animal to potential allergens

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26
Q

what is the treatment for allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

remove the animal from the allergen, block hypersensitivity reaction, antihistamines, & steroids (daily anti-inflammatory doses)

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27
Q

what is the impact on production when treating an animal with steroids for allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas?

A

decreases milk production & potentially induces abortion or parturition

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28
Q

what food animals are more commonly affected by nasal foreign bodies between cattle & small ruminants?

A

cattle

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29
Q

what is the pathogenesis of nasal foreign bodies?

A

scratching from irritation of other disease processes or due to bovine aggressive eating habits

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30
Q

what is the prognosis for nasal foreign bodies?

A

typically good

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31
Q

what is the treatment for nasal foreign bodies?

A

remove the foreign body & secondary wound care

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32
Q

what are the diagnostics used for nasal foreign bodies?

A

visual exam of the nasal cavities with a good light source +/- endoscopy for removal

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33
Q

what are some differentials to consider for nasal foreign bodies?

A

fungal granuloma, allergic rhinitis, tumors, nasal actinomycosis, actinobacillosis, & o. ovis in small ruminants

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34
Q

what are the clinical signs of nasal foreign bodies?

A

head shaking, sneezing, snorting, frequent nose licking, unilateral airflow obstruction, foul odors, & serous/mucopurulent/hemorrhagic discharge

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35
Q

what is the pathogenesis of nasal trauma/fractures?

A

trauma to facial/sinus/turbinate bones due to fighting, inappropriate restraint, machinery accidents, malicious humans, & passive of excessively large NG tubes

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36
Q

what are the clinical signs of nasal trauma/fractures?

A

severe facial swelling, SQ emphysema, airflow obstruction, stertor, epistaxis

secondary infection resulting in foul odors & mucopurulent nasal discharge

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37
Q

what are some differentials to consider for nasal trauma/fractures?

A

snakebite - head swelling & stertor

actinobacillosis, actinomycosis, & phlegmon (fusobacterium & clostridium spp.)

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38
Q

how is nasal trauma/fractures diagnosed?

A

radiographs to confirm & determine extent of injury

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39
Q

what is the treatment used for nasal trauma/fractures?

A

antibiotics - penicillin, to prevent infection/sinusitis

anti-inflammatories

surgery for removal of sequestra of depression fractures that obstruct airflow

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40
Q

what is the prognosis for nasal trauma/fractures?

A

typically good

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41
Q

how is nasal trauma/fractures prevented?

A

minimize fighting, appropriate restraint, careful with machinery, & use orogastric tubes or appropriately sized NG tubes

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42
Q

what age of animal is typically affected by tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity?

A

6-9 year old animals

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43
Q

what are the most commonly reported tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity?

A

osteomas, osteosarcomas, SCC, neuroblastomas, adenocarcinomas (ethmoid mucosa)

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44
Q

what is the pathogenesis of tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity?

A

ethmoid carcinomas suspected to have a viral component due to the endemic pattern of some cases - typically unilateral, metastasis to lymph nodes & lungs can occur

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45
Q

what are the clinical signs of tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity?

A

mixed/inspiratory dyspnea, stridor, nasal discharge, epistaxis, foul breath odors, unilateral airflow obstruction, open-mouth breathing, & facial bone distortion

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46
Q

what are some differentials for tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity?

A

fungal granulomas, atopic granulomas, foreign bodies, sinusitis, fractures, & nasal actinobacillosis/actinomycosis

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47
Q

what are the diagnostics used for tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity?

A

imaging & biopsy to determine extent & type & rule out differentials

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48
Q

what is the treatment for tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity?

A

typically not pursued

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49
Q

what is the breed/sex predilection of tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity of small ruminants?

A

no breed or sex predilection - typically young adults

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50
Q

what is the pathogenesis of tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity of small ruminants?

A

lesions typically start as small nodules that become benign, locally expansive tumors that enter the sinuses & erode overlying bone - necrosis & secondary infections may occur leading to associated clinical signs

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51
Q

what are the most common tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity of small ruminants?

A

adenopapillomas, adenomas, & adenocarcinomas

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52
Q

enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma occurring in sheep & goats is associated with what?

A

ovine & caprine nasal adenocarcinoma virus

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53
Q

what is the treatment for tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity of small ruminants?

A

surgical management is an option

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54
Q

what are some differentials for tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity of small ruminants?

A

nasal fungal/bacterial granuloma, actinobacillosis, actinomycosis, o. ovis, & sinusitis

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55
Q

what diagnostics are used for tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity of small ruminants?

A

endoscopy & radiology used to establish diagnosis of nasal mass - antemortem punch biopsy/exfoliative cytology usually non-diagnostic

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56
Q

why is PCR used in tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity of small ruminants?

A

differentiate ovine nasal adenocarcinoma virus, caprine nasal adenocarcinoma, & jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus

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57
Q

multiple animals in a herd affected with clinical signs of tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity of small ruminants is supportive of what disease process?

A

enzootic nasal adenocarcinoma

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58
Q

what are the clinical signs of tumors/polyps of the nasal cavity of small ruminants?

A

progressive inspiratory dyspnea, stridor, exercise intolerance, mouth breathing, mucoid/mucopurulent nasal discharge, tachypnea, decreased airflow, facial asymmetry

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59
Q

what is the etiology of oestrus ovis?

A

parasite of the nasal passages & sinuses of sheep (way more than goats because they are kind of resistant)

typically in warmer climates

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60
Q

what is the pathogenesis of oestrus ovis?

A

larvae cause direct irritation to the nasal passages & sinuses leading to secondary bacterial rhinitis, sinusitis, +/- pneumonia - occasionally interstitial pneumonia due to parasitic antigens & inflammatory mediators

61
Q

what is the pathogenic stage of oestrus ovis?

A

larval stage

62
Q

what is the life cycle of oestrus ovis?

A
  1. 1st instar larvae deposited near nostrils by adult female fly
  2. larvae migrate to nasal & ethmoid turbinates
  3. larvae molt to 2nd instar that migrate to the sinuses
  4. molt again to become 3rd instar (yellow-white color with dark dorsal stripe) that return to the nasal passage
  5. sneezed onto the ground where they pupate & develop to adult flies
  6. adults are active during warm months
  7. over winter as 1st instar larva in host or pupa in the ground
63
Q

how is oestrus ovis infestation prevented?

A

treat animals after the 1st hard freeze because adult flies will be killed & 1st instar larva will die

component of herd management & strategic deworming practices

64
Q

what is the treatment for oestrus ovis?

A

ivermectin by mouth after the first hard freeze

65
Q

what diagnostics are used for oestrus ovis?

A

presumptive based on common clinical signs/physical exam, larvae in radiographs, or endoscopy

66
Q

what are some differentials for oestrus ovis?

A

nasal foreign body, allergic rhinitis, nasal adenocarcinoma, fungal rhinitis, trauma, sinusitis, actinobacillosis, or actinomycosis

67
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with oestrus ovis?

A

mucoid/mucopurulent nasal discharge, sneezing, nose rubbing, inspiratory stridor, facial annoyance from adult flies, decreased productivity from reduced grazing, sinusitis, & pneumonia may occur

68
Q

what age of animal is typically affected by cystic nasal turbinates of cattle?

A

neonates

69
Q

what is the pathogenesis of cystic nasal turbinates of cattle?

A

congenital, development anomaly - nasal conchae lack normal communication with the nasal cavity & then become filled with thick, white fluid

70
Q

what are the clinical signs of cystic nasal turbinates in cattle?

A

evident at/near birth, progressive stridor, tachypnea, decreased airflow, exercise intolerance, mouth breathing, & short convex nasal bones

71
Q

what are some differentials for cystic nasal turbinates in cattle?

A

foreign bodies, trauma, & tumors

72
Q

what diagnostics are used for cystic nasal turbinates in cattle?

A

digital palpation, radiographs, & endoscopy

73
Q

what would be seen on endoscopy in cystic nasal turbinates in cattle?

A

large, smooth, bilateral cystic ventral conchae

74
Q

what is the treatment for cystic nasal turbinates in cattle?

A

surgical removal of the conchae, bilateral dorsolateral nasal bone flaps

trans-nasal removal with obstetric wire

75
Q

of our food animals, which are most commonly affected by sinusitis between cattle, sheep, & goats?

A

cattle - inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

76
Q

what sinuses are typically affected in sinusitis?

A

frontal or maxillary

77
Q

what are the most common causes of sinusitis?

A

dehorning or trauma - frontal sinuses

infected teeth - maxillary sinuses

any age affected

78
Q

what are the acute clinical signs of sinusitis?

A

typically one sinus affected, anorexia, lethargy, reluctance to move, fever, & purulent discharge at fresh dehorn site

79
Q

what are the chronic clinical signs of sinusitis?

A

unilateral or bilateral nasal discharge, mild stridor, airflow abnormalities, foul breath, abnormal head carriage, blepharospasm, frontal bone distortion, exophthalmos, & potential neuro signs

80
Q

what clinical signs are associated with sinusitis in the maxillary sinus?

A

unilateral facial swelling, mucopurulent discharge, septal deviation observable on radiographs

81
Q

what diagnostics are used for sinusitis?

A

clinical signs typically enough

percuss the sinus - dull, full sound with potential pain, gas in the sinus due to thin bone may cause a hyper-resonant sound

rads - septal deviation in maxillary sinus, fractures, masses, dental disease

sinus centesis - close skin unless sinusitis confirmed

82
Q

what is the treatment for sinusitis?

A

trephination for sinusotomy if frontal sinusitis post dehorning - surgical prep & entry into sinus, sites remain open to drain

maxillary sinus - trephine over affected tooth roots

chronic cases - two sites needed ingress & egress of lavage

remove affected teeth

lavage daily - betadine preferred

83
Q

why is sinusitis harder to treat in small ruminants?

A

sinuses are highly compartmentalized in adult/mature animals, so achieving drainage may be difficult

84
Q

how is sinusitis prevented?

A

dehorn as a neonate using a closed method - cautery/hot iron

adult dehorn - aseptic surgical procedure with primary closure of skin

don’t dehorn when raining, windy, dusty, or without fly control

85
Q

what are the cons of dehorning mature sheep & goats?

A

can leave significant wounds that have to heal by secondary intention - may take 4-6 weeks to heal or may never fully heal

dehorn them early in life

86
Q

what agents are typically involved in pharyngeal trauma, hematoma, abscesses, cellulitis, & granulomas?

A

t. pyogenes, actinobacillus spp., & fusobacterium necrophorum

87
Q

what are some differentials for pharyngeal trauma, hematoma, abscesses, cellulitis, & granulomas?

A

pharyngeal tumors, lymphosarcoma, rabies, botulism, & necrotic laryngitis

88
Q

what is the pathogenesis of pharyngeal trauma, hematoma, abscesses, cellulitis, & granulomas?

A

hematoma or wound commonly results in abscess formation & diffuse cellulitis may occur

89
Q

what is the etiology of pharyngeal trauma, hematoma, abscesses, cellulitis, & granulomas?

A

careless/aggressive use of balling guns, dose syringes, calcium preparations, specula, & stomach tubes

rough, stemmy feeds, foreign bodies, & migrating foreign objects

90
Q

what clinical signs are seen in severe cases of pharyngeal trauma, hematoma, abscesses, cellulitis, & granulomas?

A

fever, anorexia, depression, dehydration, forestomach stasis, & aspiration pneumonia

91
Q

what clinical signs are associated with pharyngeal trauma, hematoma, abscesses, cellulitis, & granulomas?

A

inspiratory dyspnea with stertorous inspiratory sounds with prolonged inspiration

extension of the head & neck, ptyalism, pain when swallowing

nasal regurgitation - pharyngeal paresis

mucopurulent/bloody bilateral nasal discharge, bad odors, cough, bloat, & visible swelling of the pharynx

possible megaesophagus due to pharyngeal trauma

92
Q

what diagnostics are used for pharyngeal trauma, hematoma, abscesses, cellulitis, & granulomas?

A

physical/oral speculum exam with light source typically confirmative of swelling & often reveals puncture wound & draining pus

endoscopy/rads

aspiration - differentiate abscess, granuloma, hematoma, cellulitis, or tumor

CBC

93
Q

what is the treatment for pharyngeal trauma, hematoma, abscesses, cellulitis, & granulomas?

A

small abscesses - drained in standing un-sedated but well restrained animal with head lowered to facilitate draining & protect cough reflex

antibiotics

NSAIDS

severe disease - may require tracheostomy

94
Q

how is pharyngeal trauma, hematoma, abscesses, cellulitis, & granulomas prevented?

A

limit aggressive/careless use of balling guns/dose syringes/calcium preparations/specula

non-stemmy foods

magnets placed to reduce metallic foreign bodies

95
Q

what is the etiology of necrotic laryngitis?

A

acute to chronic infection of laryngeal mucosa & cartilage typically in feedlot cattle

96
Q

what is the pathogenesis of necrotic laryngitis?

A

laryngeal contact ulcers allow fusobacterium necrophorum (ubiquitous in the environment) to penetrate mucus membranes

97
Q

what are the 3 ways that contact ulcers occur in necrotic laryngitis?

A
  1. acute upper respiratory tract infection
  2. increased reflex coughing & swallowing (increase laryngeal contact)
  3. erosion of swollen membranes of vocal processes & medial angles of arytenoid cartilages
98
Q

what age of cattle are typically affected by necrotic laryngitis?

A

calves 3-18 months old, up to 24 months old

99
Q

what clinical sign is almost pathognomic for necrotic laryngitis?

A

goose honking cough

100
Q

what is seen on laryngoscopic exam of a necrotic laryngitis?

A

diphtheritic membrane

101
Q

what are some differentials for necrotic laryngitis?

A

pharyngeal/laryngeal trauma, severe viral laryngitis, actinobacillosis, laryngeal tumors, paralysis, abscesses, & edema

102
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with necrotic laryngitis?

A

acute, moist, painful cough, ptyalism, extended head & neck, systemic disease

reportedly dead within 2-7 days if untreated

103
Q

when diagnosing necrotic laryngitis, what should you avoid?

A

don’t stress the animal out - could kill the patient

104
Q

what diagnostics are used for necrotic laryngitis?

A

clinical signs, laryngoscopic/endoscopic exam

CBC - shows chronicity of disease & severity of septic process

105
Q

what is the prognosis for necrotic laryngitis?

A

typically rewarding if detected & treated early

106
Q

what is the prevention for necrotic laryngitis?

A

control other respiratory infections & prevent laryngeal trauma

107
Q

what is the treatment used for necrotic laryngitis?

A

antibiotics - oxytetracycline, PPG, macrolides

NSAIDS or steroids - don’t give steroids beyond 2 doses

tracheostomy may be required in severe cases

108
Q

what animals are most commonly affected by laryngeal abscesses?

A

calves & sheep

rams > ewes

109
Q

what is the pathogenesis of laryngeal abscesses?

A

t. pyogenes abscessation of the arytenoid cartilages

suspect grass awns, trauma, inherited condition, or developmental abnormality causes or predisposes to abscess formation

110
Q

what clinical signs are seen with laryngeal abscesses?

A

tachypnea, head & neck extension to ease breathing, progressive dyspnea, cyanosis, & severe stertor

111
Q

what diagnostics are used for laryngeal abscesses?

A

rads - soft tissue swelling of the larynx

endoscopy - hyperemic mucosa & edema

necropsy - purulent & necrotic material of arytenoid cartilage

112
Q

what is the treatment for laryngeal abscesses?

A

PPG

nsaids

tracheostomy

113
Q

what is the prognosis for laryngeal abscesses?

A

guarded - except when treated early & aggressively

114
Q

what is the pathogenesis of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

unknown

115
Q

what are the two recognized forms of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

acute dyspnea & chronic cough

116
Q

what are the possible causes of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

upper respiratory pathogens - p. multocida, h. somni, & viruses

trauma, passive congestion from excess fat accumulation in thoracic inlet, mycotoxins, & hypersensitivity reactions

117
Q

what animals are affected by the acute form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

feedlot cattle, acute form - heavy cattle last 2/3 of feeding period in southern planes, sporadically typically in the summer months

118
Q

what are the clinical signs of the acute form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

acute death without observable signs

dyspnea, increased respiratory rate, loud guttural breathing, open mouth breathing, cyanosis

recumbency -> asphyxiation

119
Q

what are the diagnostics used for the acute form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

endoscopy or necropsy - up to 5cm thick edematous thickening of the submucosa & mucosa of the dorsal trachea at the level of mid-cervical to thoracic inlet

mucosal/submucosal/peritracheal edema/hemorrhage (agonal component)

120
Q

what is the treatment used for the acute form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

steroids, nursing care, & potential tracheostomy

antibiotics - controversial

121
Q

what animals are affected by the chronic form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

feedlot cattle, chronic form in light weight cattle (300-900 lbs), in western plains feedlots

sporadic, non-seasonal

typically have a history of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis or pneumonia

122
Q

what are the clinical signs of the chronic form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

continuous frequent deep non-productive cough - typically normal appearance but can be unthrifty

123
Q

what are some differentials for the chronic form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

necrotic laryngitis or mild pneumonia

124
Q

what is the treatment for the chronic form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

no effective treatment known

125
Q

how is the chronic form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle prevented?

A

none known because we don’t know the etiology

126
Q

what diagnostics are used for the chronic form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

endoscopy & necropsy - hyperemia of mucosa of caudal 3rd of the trachea, thin layer of mucopurulent exudate

cobblestone appearance, large fiber-like projections & polyps noted

127
Q

what is the treatment & prevention for the chronic form of tracheal edema syndrome of feedlot cattle?

A

no effective treatment & no prevention because we don’t know the etiology

128
Q

T/F: the dorsal displacement of the soft palate has similar clinical signs, diagnosis, & treatment in both food animals & horses

A

true

129
Q

what animals are affected by tracheal collapse & stenosis in texel-cross lambs?

A

texel-cross lambs associated with inherited chondrodysplasia

130
Q

what is the pathogenesis of tracheal collapse & stenosis in texel-cross lambs?

A

can appear normal at birth & up to 1 week after

lambs - exercise intolerance early in life & is potentially fatal

lambs born to ewes that eat veratrum californicum days 31-33 of gestation can cause stenosis

131
Q

what is the treatment & prevention for tracheal collapse & stenosis in texel-cross lambs?

A

no successful treatment

don’t breed affected individuals

132
Q

how is tracheal collapse & stenosis in texel-cross lambs diagnosed?

A

hemogram reflective of associated pneumonia/stress

endoscopy & rads most useful

133
Q

what can be seen on necropsy of an animal with tracheal collapse & stenosis in texel-cross lambs?

A

often flaccid & flattened trachea with sometimes irregularly kinked segments

diffuse pulmonary edema & congestion

multiple other organs affected

134
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with tracheal collapse & stenosis in texel-cross lambs?

A

fatal respiratory compromise - may see stunted/delayed growth

135
Q

T/F: c. veratrum ingestion lambs die within 5 minutes after birth because of respiratory distress

A

true

136
Q

what animals are typically affected by tracheal collapse & stenosis?

A

cattle, lambs, & goats

typically calves & adult goats

137
Q

what is the pathogenesis of tracheal collapse & stenosis?

A

unknown - may result from dystocia (breech/chest compressions), congenital defects, tracheotomies, et cuff injury

dorsoventral flattening or caudal cervical/cranial cervical thoracic trachea & sometimes lateral compression

138
Q

what are the clinical signs of tracheal collapse & stenosis?

A

fever, tachypnea, tachycardia, hyperemia, cyanosis, or completely normal

stertor, dyspnea, coughing, & traumatic lesions

no response to antibiotics, nsaids, or steroids

139
Q

what are some differentials for tracheal collapse & stenosis?

A

tracheal foreign bodies, neoplasia, extra-tracheal space-occupying lesions, & necrotic laryngitis

140
Q

what are the best diagnostics to use for tracheal collapse & stenosis?

A

endoscopy & rads - avoid respiratory embarrassment with restraint, sedation, & passage of the endoscope

hemogram reflective of associated pneumonia/stress

141
Q

what is the treatment for tracheal collapse & stenosis?

A

mild cases recover with confinement & finished for slaughter

surgical correction reported in other species with 30% success rate

142
Q

what is the prevention for tracheal collapse & stenosis?

A

don’t breed affected individuals or cause etiologies

143
Q

what is the pathogenesis of laryngeal obstructions?

A

sporadic - foreign bodies, roping injury, restraint events, inappropriate et tube placement, noxious chemical exposure, anaphylactic event

144
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with laryngeal obstructions?

A

swelling on palpation of the larynx, dyspnea, open mouth breathing, stertor, ptyalism, cyanosis, & head/neck extension

145
Q

what diagnostics are used for laryngeal obstructions?

A

endoscopy & rads

cbc - infection or stress leukogram

146
Q

what is the treatment for laryngeal obstructions?

A

remove the foreign object +/- surgery to correct defect

nsaids for swelling/edema

corticosteroids for anaphylaxis

147
Q

what 7 disease processes are discussed for upper respiratory diseases in ruminants?

A
  1. granulomas
  2. allergic rhinitis & enzootic nasal granulomas
  3. nasal foreign body
  4. nasal trauma/fractures
  5. tumors & polyps
  6. oestrus ovis
  7. cystic nasal turbinates of cattle
148
Q

what is shown here?

A

ovine/sheep bot

oestrus ovis

LA DX & TX I (45 decks)

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