Exam 2 - Ruminant Respiratory Toxins Flashcards
what are the clinical signs associated with perilla ketone toxicity?
acute death, dyspnea, wheezing, frothing at the mouth, expiratory grunt
what diagnostics are used for perilla ketone toxicity?
history, evidence of exposure - could be in the hay
what is the treatment for perilla ketone toxicity?
none
how is perilla ketone toxicity prevented?
provide other forage so they don’t eat
what months are there higher toxicities of perilla ketone?
august to october
what effects are seen with pyrrolizidine alkaloids? common offenders?
hepatotoxic effects before pneumotoxins
common offenders - crotalaria, trichoderma, & senecio
what toxic gases are most common toxic exposures for cows?
ammonia, hydrogen sulfate, CO2, & methane
T/F: toxic gases can occur at low-level chronic exposure or acute severe outbreaks
true
what is another name for hypersensitivity pneumonias?
extrinsic allergic alveolitis
what is the etiology of extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
allergic respiratory disease due to inhalation of organic dusts
what animals are typically affected by extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
adult dairy cows - more so than beef
confined animals
what are the clinical signs of extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
fever, anorexia, dullness, hypogalactia, tachypnea, dyspnea, coughing, crackles
what diagnostics are used for extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
serum antibodies - only show exposure
what is the treatment for extrinsic allergic alveolitis?
remove offending agent & corticosteroids
how is extrinsic allergic alveolitis prevented?
make silage instead of moldy hay or feed outside
what is the etiology of fibrosing alveolitis? what does it cause?
unknown - possibly chronic extrinsic allergic alveolitis
chronic pneumonia
what is the etiology of bronchiolitis obliterans? what does it cause?
unknown - chronic respiratory disease in yearly/young adult cows
chronic pneumonia
what clinical signs are seen with bronchiolitis obliterans?
deep infrequent cough, tachypnea, hyperpnea, exaggerated expiratory effort
T/F: parasitic pneumonia is rare in cattle
true
what animals are affected by lungworms?
dictyocaulus viviparus - young animals
what are the clinical signs associated with lung worms?
respiratory signs
how are lung worms diagnosed?
larvae in feces
baermann test
how are lung worms diagnosed?
larvae in feces
baermann test
how are lung worms prevented?
anthelmintics
what is the most common respiratory parasite in sheep & goats? how is it prevented?
muellerius capillaris
avoid overly wet pastures
what happens if there is a large infestation of ascaris suum? how is it treated?
may cause pneumonia
corticosteroids, antibiotics, oxyfenbendazole
what parasite migrates through the lungs with little impact on pulmonary function?
toxocara vitulorum
what agent causes ovine progressive pneumonia?
maedi visna - non-oncogenic exogenous retrovirus, lentivirus
what animals are affected by ovine progressive pneumonia?
adult sheep
what are the clinical signs associated with ovine progressive pneumonia?
chronic pneumonia, mastitis, emaciation, tachypnea, flared nostrils, open mouth breathing, head/neck extended, can show CNS signs
what diagnostics are used for ovine progressive pneumonia?
presumptive based on history and CS, serology (false positive common), virus detection (not commonly utilized)
what is the treatment used for ovine progressive pneumonia?
none
how is ovine progressive pneumonia prevented?
difficult!!!
biosecurity, culling, & isolate the infected
what agent is a persistent lentiviral infection of goats?
caprine arthritis & encephalitis
what clinical signs are associated with caprine arthritis & encephalitis?
kids with leukoencephalomyelitis
adults with arthritis or mastitis
any age severe chronic pneumonia
what are the diagnostics, prevention, & treatment for caprine arthritis & encephalitis?
presumptive based on history and CS, serology (false positive common), virus detection (not commonly utilized)
no treatment
difficult - biosecurity, culling, & isolating the infected
what is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis?
corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
what is caseous lymphadenitis?
chronic disease of sheep & goats causing pyogranulomatous abscessation of lymph nodes & internal organs
if pulmonary lymph nodes are involved - respiratory signs
what diagnostics are used for caseous lymphadenitis?
ultrasound & rads to identify abscesses, ELISA
synergistic hemolysis inhibition reliable for herd level testing
what is the treatment for caseous lymphadenitis?
if pulmonary - hard to lance the abscesses to drain, so use antibiotics
maybe cull
what is the pathogenesis of aspiration pneumonia?
inhaling large amounts of foreign material (typically liquid) which leads to pneumonia
what are the clinical signs of aspiration pneumonia?
acute death, dullness, tachypnea, dyspnea, cough, fever, crackles, wheezes
how is aspiration pneumonia treated?
long term antibiotics & nsaids
what is the prognosis for aspiration pneumonia?
guarded
how is aspiration pneumonia prevented?
carefully administer meds!!
T/F: mycotic pneumonia is rare
true
what other disease processes can occur simultaneously with mycotic pneumonia?
metritis or placentitis
what are the clinical signs associated with mycotic pneumonia?
poor response to antibiotics, and respiratory signs
what diagnostics are used for mycotic pneumonia?
TTW, BAL, radiographs, postmortem fungal culture
what is the treatment used for mycotic pneumonia?
antifungals - expensive
potassium iodide
what is the prognosis of mycotic pneumonia?
guarded to poor
what is the etiology of vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
multifocal abscessation of lungs caused by septic thromboembolism of pulmonary arteries
liver abscesses secondary to rumenitis
what age of animals are typical affected by vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
1 year olds
what is the pathogenesis of vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
emboli result in pulmonary hypertension, rupture of walls, blood in airways
what are the clinical signs of vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
coughing blood, epistaxis, pale mm, tachycardia, tachypnea, dyspnea, murmurs, acute death
what diagnostics are used for vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
anemia neutrophilia with regenerative left shift
hepatic analytes increased
radiographs with irregular lung density
what treatment is used for vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
long term antibiotics, furosemide, nsaids, steroids, & supportive care
what is the prognosis of vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia?
grave
how is vena caval thrombosis & metastatic pneumonia prevented?
prevent the primary cause - rumenitis & liver abscesses
what is the causative agent of tuberculosis?
mycobacterium tuberculosis
zoonotic - almost eradicated, still a problem in underdeveloped countries
what age of animals are typically affected by tuberculosis?
adults
what are the clinical signs of tuberculosis?
rarely exhibited, typically non-specific (weight loss, anorexia, fever), soft cough, enlarged LN
how is tuberculosis diagnosed?
tuberculin skin test, necropsy, mycobacterial culture, & PCR
what is the treatment used for tuberculosis?
none pursued
how is tuberculosis prevented?
eradication program, test & cull, & bio-exclusion
what is the etiology of pleuritis/pleural effusions?
primary cause - bronchopneumonia
other thoracic cavity diseases
what are the clinical signs of pleuritis/pleural effusions?
septic pleuritis is painful - others depend on the primary cause
what diagnostics are used for pleuritis/pleural effusions?
cbc/chem, thoracocentesis for cytology & culture, TTW
what is the treatment used for pleuritis/pleural effusions?
treat the primary problem, drain fluid, antibiotics, nsaids
T/F: pneumothorax is common in large animals
false - uncommon
what is the pathogenesis of pneumothorax?
typically occurs if emphysematous bullae ruptures, pharyngeal/laryngeal trauma, thoracic cavity trauma – can be unilateral due to complete mediastinum
what are the clinical signs associated with pneumothorax?
inspiratory dyspnea, anxiety, abdominal breathing, cyanosis
what diagnostics are used for pneumothorax?
rads, thoracic ultrasound, thoracocentesis
what is the treatment for pneumothorax?
remove the air & treat the primary cause
what signs are seen in pleural mesothelioma?
pleural effusion & fluid accumulation
what are the clinical signs of diaphragmatic hernias?
abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing/regurgitation, asymmetric lung sounds, GI symptoms most common (bloat, diarrhea, hypomotility)
how is diaphragmatic hernia diagnosed?
rads, barium study, TRP diagnostics, necropsy
what is the treatment for diaphragmatic hernias?
surgical correction
