Exam 3 - Oral Cavity & Esophageal Disorders Flashcards
what are the major similarities between actinomyces bovis & actinobacillus ligniersii in regards to pathogenesis?
both are common inhabitants of the oral cavity
an oral wound then allows access to other soft tissue/bony structures in the mouth allowing for spread
what may predispose a cow to developing wooden tongue?
rough feedstuff
what is the etiology of wooden tongue?
actinobacillus ligniersii - granulomatous infection of the tongue primarily seen in cattle
what is the pathogenesis of wooden tongue?
oral wound allows the bacteria access - infection begins at the base of the tongue & moves forward
may infect other soft tissues of the oral cavity
what are the clinical signs associated with wooden tongue?
anorexia, abnormal chewing, ptyalism, enlarged firm tongue, & regional lymphadenitis
how is wooden tongue diagnosed?
gram stain of aspirate/biopsy - gram negative rods +/- sulfur granules
clinical signs & response to treatment
what is the prognosis of wooden tongue?
excellent
what is the treatment used for wooden tongue?
sodium iodide IV, antibiotics - oxytetracycline, florfenicol, etc
what agent is seen on this sample?
actinobacillus ligniersii
what is the etiology of lumpy jaw?
actinomyces bovis, gram positive rod, common inhabitant of the oral cavity
what is the pathogenesis of lumpy jaw?
oral wound allows agent access & leads to osteomyelitis of the jaw preferentially affecting the mandible before the maxilla
what are the clinical signs of lumpy jaw?
initially - painless bony swelling on the mandible/maxilla
later - periosteal response, fibrous tissue reaction, draining tracts, decreased appetite, abnormal/difficulty chewing, ptyalism, weight loss, & may cause other infections in the head/esophagus/forestomach
what agent likely caused this?
actinomyces bovis
how is lumpy jaw diagnosed?
gram stain of pus - gram positive filamentous branching rods +/- sulfur granules
clinical signs
radiography - osteomyelitis, tooth root involvement, & pathologic fractures
what agent is seen on this?
actinomyces bovis
what is the treatment used for cows with lumpy jaw?
consider culling
sodium iodide IV, antibiotics (PPG, florfenicol, isoniazid - animals can’t enter food chain)
curette & flush bony lesions & draining tracts
what is the prognosis for animals with lumpy jaw?
prognosis can be good if caught early in infection but becomes poor later in infection
tooth root abscesses are most common in what animals? what teeth? when may it occur?
camelids - mandibular molars!!!!
after fighting teeth have been removed
what are the clinical signs associated with tooth root abscesses in camelids?
can be asymptomatic
swelling in mandible/maxilla, +/- sinusitis, & may have draining tracts
how are tooth root abscesses diagnosed?
oral exam & rads - bony lysis of lamina dura, periodontal sclerosis, & periosteal reaction
what is seen in the mandible of this radiograph?
tooth root abscess
what is the treatment used for tooth root abscesses?
antibiotics for facultative anaerobic bacteria - 60% recovery
surgical treatment - tooth extraction
what is the etiology of balling gun injury?
aggressive use of instruments in the mouth - more likely to occur in cases when the animal isn’t restrained well
what are some clinical signs of a balling gun injury?
anorexia/dysphagia, fever, hypersalivation, laryngeal edema, peripharyngeal swelling/pain, bad breath, inspiratory dyspnea, & aspiration pneumonia
how is a balling gun injury diagnosed?
history, physical/oral exam, endoscopy, & rads
what is the treatment used for balling gun injury?
antibiotics, NSAIDS, IV fluids, avoiding coarse feeds, trach & rumenostomy if needed
what animals are common offenders of choke?
camelids
what is the etiology of choke?
obstruction of the esophagus
what are some common anatomical sites of choke?
cranial portion of the cervical esophagus
thoracic inlet
base of the heart
what are the big clinical signs of choke in camelids? what are some other general signs?
anxiety, swinging of the head/staggering, & waves of motility in cervical esophagus
free gas bloat, dysphagia, & salivation
how is choke diagnosed?
physical exam, pass a stomach tube, endoscopy, & rads
what are some major differentials for choke?
RABIES, megaesophagus (camelids), tetanus, botulism, balling gun injury
what is the treatment used for choke?
wear gloves!!!!!
remove the obstruction - cervical esophagus & distal obstructions, gently massage!!!!
bloat should resolve once choke is
antibiotics & correct fluid/acid-base abnormalities
what treatment can be used for stubborn obstructions in choke?
trochar/temporary rumen fistula, sedation, & anesthesia
what clinical signs should you watch for in secondary esophageal dysfunction associated with choke?
anorexia, regurgitation, hypersalivation, & recurrence of choke
what should you do with animals with esophageal dysfunction?
cull or consider a rumenostomy
what is the etiology of megaesophagus?
idiopathic or sequelae of choke
what is the pathophysiology of megaesophagus?
chronic distention leads to poor aboral motility
what clinical signs are associated with megaesophagus?
esophageal waves, anorexia, dysphagia, & respiratory signs - increased rate/effort & abnormal sounds
how is megaesophagus diagnosed?
history, endoscopy, & rads
what condition is seen in this rad?
megaesophagus in a camelid
what is the treatment used for megaesophagus?
avoid coarse feeds & pelleted feeds
elevate the feed, feed them alone, & slow the intake of food by putting obstructions in their bowls (tennis balls)
