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LA DX & TX I > Exam 1 - FA Dermatologic Diseases > Flashcards

Exam 1 - FA Dermatologic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what species are affected by pediculosis? which is most common of these?

A

cattle, sheep, goats, & llamas

goats

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2
Q

what is the causative of pediculosis?

A

sucking/biting lice

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3
Q

what environments are favorable for pediculosis?

A

winter & confined animals

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4
Q

what is the biggest difference between clinical signs of biting lice vs. sucking lice?

A

biting - pruritic

sucking - pruritic & anemia

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5
Q

how is pediculosis transmitted?

A

direct contact & fomites

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6
Q

how is pediculosis diagnosed?

A

exam the hair coat

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7
Q

why may I use ivermectin in an animal with pediculosis?

A

systemic medication to get the sucking lice!

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8
Q

T/F: topicals that are safe for cats are probably safe for camelids

A

true

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9
Q

what are your treatment options for pediculosis?

A

ivermectin & topical insecticides

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10
Q

what are the three main mites we see in food animals? which is most common?

A

psoroptic, chorioptic, & sarcoptic

chorioptic

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11
Q

what kind of mites affect sheep?

A

psoroptes ovis

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12
Q

what mites typically affect pigs?

A

sarcoptes

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13
Q

until proven otherwise, what mites are on small ruminants?

A

chorioptes

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14
Q

T/F: demodectic mites are rare in food animals

A

true

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15
Q

T/F: mites are relatively host-specific

A

true

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16
Q

what mites do not burrow?

A

psoroptes & chorioptes

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17
Q

what mite burrows?

A

sarcoptes

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18
Q

how are mites diagnosed?

A

skin scrapings & ear swabs

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19
Q

what mite has jointed pedicles?

A

psoroptes

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20
Q

what mites have non-jointed pedicles?

A

sarcoptes

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21
Q

what mites have short pedicles?

A

chorioptes

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22
Q

what sheep breed is most susceptible to psoroptic mange?

A

merino

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23
Q

T/F: psoroptes cuniculi is transmissible to humans

A

false

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24
Q

what is the life cycle of psoroptes cuniculi? why is this important?

A

2 week life cycle on the host but can survive in the environment for weeks

treat the environment too!!

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25
Q

are psoroptic mites pruritic?

A

yes

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26
Q

what are the clinical signs of psoroptic mange in sheep?

A

papules & crusts in wooled areas

intense pruritus - IgE vs mite antigens

secondary staph infections

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27
Q

what bug should you report in sheep???

A

psoroptic mange!!!

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28
Q

chorioptic mange typically causes lesions where?

A

legs/feet & often on scrotum/perineum

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29
Q

how is chorioptic mange diagnosed?

A

skin scrapings

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30
Q

is psoroptic or chorioptic mange more pruritic?

A

psoroptic

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31
Q

T/F: chorioptic mites only survive off the host for a few days

A

true

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32
Q

what is the treatment for chorioptic mange?

A

ivermectin for 3 weeks

topical treatment 2-3x a week

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33
Q

what mange is transmissible to humans?

A

sarcoptes scabei

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34
Q

what is the life cycle of scabies?

A

10-17 day life cycle

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35
Q

how does scabies progress?

A

starts at the head/ears/neck & then becomes generalized

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36
Q

T/F: scabies are burrowing mites that cause pruritus

A

true

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37
Q

T/F: a negative skin scrape for scabies doesn’t rule it out

A

true - small numbers are present & you may see it on a biopsy

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38
Q

how is scabies diagnosed?

A

can try a skin scrape & biopsy

often diagnosed based on clinical suspicion/response to treatment

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39
Q

how is scabies treated?

A

topicals or systemic ivermectin

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40
Q

what is an important differential for pruritic sheep!!

A

scrapie!!!

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41
Q

what is fly strike?

A

flies feed on open wounds with necrotic tissue causing discomfort

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42
Q

how is fly strike treated?

A

topical - clip/clean area & manually remove maggots

systemic - antibiotics if febrile, appears septic, & possibly ivermectin

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43
Q

how is fly strike prevented in sheep?

A

shearing around the head, perineum, & ventrum of males

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44
Q

what is the fancy name for sheep keds?

A

melophagus ovinus - wingless flies

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45
Q

what is the life cycle of melophagus ovinus?

A

3 week life cycle on host with adults as blood suckers

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46
Q

what are the clinical signs of sheep keds?

A

pruritus, stained wool, skin nodules, anemia, & weight loss

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47
Q

what is this?

A

wingless flies!! sheep keds!!

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48
Q

what is the treatment for sheep keds?

A

LOTS OF THEM!!

prevent!!!

treat animals topically after shearing

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49
Q

where is hypodermiasis common?

A

in cattle in the northern hemisphere worldwide

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50
Q

why does hypodermiasis cause economic losses?

A

hide damage, weight loss, cause stampedes, ‘gadding’, ‘fly worry’, & animals will stand in water and not eat

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51
Q

what are the 2 species of hypoderma?

A

hypoderma bovis

hypoderma lineatum

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52
Q

what is the life cycle/pathogenesis of hypodermiasis?

A

eggs are laid on legs (h. lineatum) or rump (l. bovis) & hatch in 3-7 days

penetrate the skin & migrate in SQ layers

in late fall/early winter - h. lineatum to esophagus & h. bovis to spinal canal

L1 remains there 2-4 months

jan/feb larvae go to SC tissues of back & cut a breathing hole through the skin, molt from L1-L3 over 4-6 weeks

L3 falls off & pupates to adult in 1-3 months

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53
Q

what are the clinical signs of hypodermiasis?

A

SQ nodules, posterior paralysis, bloat, & anaphylaxis

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54
Q

how is hypodermiasis diagnosed?

A

presence of nodules on the animal

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55
Q

what is the treatment for warbles in hypodermiasis?

A

physical removal

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56
Q

what is the treatment for larvae in hypodermiasis?

A

organophosphates, macrocyclic lactones

avoid treatment during the 2-3 months before the expected appearance of grubs along the back (not treatment from october 1st-march 1st)

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57
Q

what animals are affected by stephanophilariasis? what is the agent?

A

cattle - stephanophilaria stilesi

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58
Q

how is stephanophilariasis transmitted?

A

horn flies

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59
Q

what are the clinical signs of stephanophilariasis?

A

papules, crusts, ulcers, & hyperkeratosis

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60
Q

how is stephanophilariasis diagnosed?

A

by appearance & location of lesions

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61
Q

what is the treatment for stephanophilariasis?

A

there is none

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62
Q

what disease is this lesion associated with?

A

stephanophilariasis

63
Q

what is hanging out in this tissue biopsy?

A

scabies!!

64
Q

what is a dermatophyte?

A

unique fungi that invades & lives in keratinized tissue

65
Q

what 3 genera of dermatophytes are common in food animals?

A

microsporum

trichophyton

epidermophyton

66
Q

what animals are affected by trichophyton verrucosum?

A

cattle & goats

67
Q

what animals are affected by trichophyton mentagrophytes?

A

cattle & goats

68
Q

what animals are affected by microsporum nanum?

A

pigs & llamas

69
Q

what is this?

A

microsporum dermatophyte

70
Q

what is this?

A

trichophyton dermatophyte

71
Q

what is this?

A

epidermophyton dermatophyte

72
Q

why does dermatophytosis cause alopecia?

A

dermatophytes invade keratinized structures (hair, stratum corneum, horns, claws), & with the invasion of the hair shaft, it becomes weakened & breaks off

73
Q

why does transmission of dermatophytosis vary?

A

amount & period of exposure

immuno-competency of the animal

& IT IS ZOONOTIC

74
Q

what are the clinical signs of dermatophytosis?

A

alopecia (centrifugal pattern, the ring), crusts, erythema, papules, +/- pruritus (typically not pruritic), & claws/hooves weaken & split

75
Q

how is dermatophytosis diagnosed?

A

90% - fungal culture

microscopic examination of hair/crusts with a KOH prep, but difficult to do

biopsy - quick & use special stains, dx 70% of the time

76
Q

what is the treatment for large areas of dermatophytosis?

A

lime sulfur 5% 2x/week

bleach 1:10 solution but not in black show animals

chlorhexidine

77
Q

what is the treatment for small areas of dermatophytosis?

A

shampoos or rinses with miconazole or ketaconazole plus chlorhexidine

78
Q

what species are affected by papillomatosis? what is the causative agent?

A

cattle

papillomavirus

79
Q

what animals are more so affected by papillomatosis?

A

confined & young animals

80
Q

how is papillomatosis transmitted?

A

direct contact & fomites

81
Q

what clinical signs are associated with papillomatosis BPV-1?

A

teats & penis affected

82
Q

what clinical signs are associated with papillomatosis BPV-2?

A

head & neck affected

83
Q

what clinical signs are associated with papillomatosis BPV-3?

A

atypical - body affected

84
Q

what clinical signs are associated with papillomatosis BPV-4?

A

gi affected

85
Q

what clinical signs are associated with papillomatosis BPV-5?

A

rice grain

86
Q

what clinical signs are associated with papillomatosis BPV-6?

A

teat & udder affected

87
Q

how is papillomatosis diagnosed?

A

appearance & skin biopsy

88
Q

what is this lesion of?

A

papillomatosis

89
Q

what is the treatment for papillomatosis?

A

spontaneous regression

surgical resection, cryotherapy, hyperthermia, & vaccine

90
Q

what species are affected by dermatophilosis?

A

cattle, sheep, goats, & llamas

91
Q

what is the causative agent of dermatophilosis?

A

dermatophilus congolensis

92
Q

what animals are predisposed to getting dermatophilosis?

A

animals with skin damage, wet environments, & carrier animals

93
Q

how is dermatophilosis transmitted?

A

direct contact & fomites

94
Q

this lesion is consistent with what disease?

A

dermatophilosis

95
Q

what are the clinical signs of dermatophilosis?

A

papules, pustules, & purulent exudate under thick scabs

96
Q

how is dermatophilosis diagnosed/

A

direct smear, minced crust smear, & culture

97
Q

what is the treatment for dermatophilosis?

A

remove crusts & dry out lesions

penicillin

oxytetracycline

98
Q

what is the causative agent in this picture?

A

dermatophilus congolensis

99
Q

what is the causative agent of caseous lymphadenitis?

A

corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis

100
Q

what species are affected by caseous lymphadenitis?

A

sheep & goats

101
Q

how is caseous lymphadenitis transmitted?

A

direct contact, inhalation, & ingestion

102
Q

what does this animal have?

A

caseous lymphadenitis

103
Q

why am I worried about caseous lymphadenitis in the long term?

A

can cause long term biosecurity problems in the herd if there are SQ abscesses

104
Q

what are the clinical signs of caseous lymphadenitis?

A

lymph node abscesses, internal abscesses causing organ dysfunction in the liver, lungs, & kidneys, & weight loss

105
Q

if you have sheep/goat presenting with chronic weight loss, what should be on your differential list?

A

caseous lymphadenitis

106
Q

how is caseous lymphadenitis diagnosed?

A

appearance, culture, & serology (SHI test)

107
Q

how is caseous lymphadenitis treated?

A

benign neglect

lance/drain/flush

surgical removal

108
Q

how is caseous lymphadenitis prevented?

A

vaccination

109
Q

what species are affected by contagious ecthyma?

A

sheep, goats, & llamas

110
Q

what is the causative agent of contagious ecthyma?

A

parapoxvirus

111
Q

what is the epidemiology of contagious ecthyma?

A

endemic on farms & periodic outbreaks

112
Q

how is contagious ecthyma transmitted?

A

direct contact & scabs in the environment

113
Q

what are the clinical signs of contagious ecthyma?

A

papules, vesicles, crusts, scabs, pain, & anorexia

114
Q

what is your differential?

A

contagious ecthyma

115
Q

how is contagious ecthyma diagnosed?

A

clinical signs & biopsy

116
Q

how is contagious ecthyma treated?

A

spontaneous resolution & supportive care

117
Q

how is contagious ecthyma prevented?

A

vaccination

118
Q

can a human get contagious ecthyma?

A

yup

119
Q

what species are affected by photosensitization?

A

cattle, sheep, goat, llamas

120
Q

what is causative agents of photosensitization?

A

photodynamic agents in the skin

hepatic disease/failure

121
Q

what is the mechanism of primary photosensitization?

A

plant/chemical contains a photodynamic agent or metabolite

122
Q

what is the mechanism of secondary photosensitization?

A

liver disease leads to accumulation of phylloerythrin in skin - phylloerythrnis are a breakdown product of chlorophyll

123
Q

what is the mechanism of porphyria photosensitization?

A

abnormal heme synthesis, poryphrin accumulation, & genetic

124
Q

what plants cause primary photosensitization?

A

st. john’s wort - hypericin

buckwheat - fagopyrin

perrennial ryegrass - perloline

cocoa shells

125
Q

what chemicals cause primary photosensitization?

A

phenothiazines, thiazides, methylene blue, tetracyclines, & sulfonamides

126
Q

how is photosensitization treated?

A

decrease exposure to sunlight

remove exposure to photodynamic agent or liver toxin

supportive care for treating liver disease - keep the animal eating & use antibiotics if needed

127
Q

what species if affected by erysipelas?

A

swine

128
Q

what is the causative agent of erysipelas?

A

erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

129
Q

what is another name for erysipelas?

A

diamond skin disease

130
Q

how is erysipelas transmitted?

A

through infected animals & environmental contamination

131
Q

what are the acute clinical signs of erysipelas?

A

sudden death, fever, walking stiffly on toes, anorexia, thirst, red to purple widespread discoloration on the ears, snout, & abdomen, & diamond shaped skin lesions

132
Q

what’s your differential?

A

erysipelas

133
Q

what are the subacute clinical signs of erysipelas?

A

diamond shaped skin lesions, anorexia, & fever

134
Q

what are the chronic clinical signs of erysipelas?

A

arthritis & valvular endocarditis

135
Q

how is erysipelas diagnosed?

A

skin lesions are pathognomonic

isolation of organism from tissues

136
Q

what is the treatment for acute erysipelas?

A

penicillin - rapid response

137
Q

what is the chronic treatment for erysipelas?

A

difficult in production pigs & pets

138
Q

how is erysipelas prevented?

A

vaccination - 3 to 4 weeks before farrowing & every 6 months

139
Q

why is it concerning that erysipelas is zoonotic?

A

can lead to endocarditis & septicemia

140
Q

what is the scientific name for greasy pig disease?

A

exudative epidermitis

141
Q

what species are affected by exudative epidermitis?

A

swinde - few days to 8 weeks

142
Q

what is the causative agent of exudative epidermitis?

A

staphylococcus hyicus

143
Q

what is the epidemiology of exudative epidermitis?

A

unclear! presence doesn’t indicate disease

may be pustular dermatitis & suppurative folliculitis

144
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with exudative epidermitis?

A

listlessness, anorexia, reddened skin, brown exudative spots, may become generalized over 24-48 hours, & may be fatal

145
Q

what’s your differential?

A

exudative epidermitis

146
Q

how is exudative epidermitis diagnosed?

A

clinical signs, culture, & histopathology

147
Q

what is the treatment for exudative epidermitis?

A

unrewarding - antimicrobials & chlorhexidine baths

148
Q

how is exudative epidermitis prevented?

A

sanitation & good hygiene

149
Q

what species are affected by zinc responsive dermatosis?

A

camelids, goats, cattle, & sheep

150
Q

what are the causative agents of zinc responsive dermatosis? what is the epidemiology?

A

low zinc diets

antagonist diets

hereditary problems

may affect one or many animals

151
Q

what are the clinical signs of zinc responsive dermatosis?

A

dull haircoat, scaling, alopecia, & hyperkeratosis

152
Q

how is zinc responsive dermatosis diagnosed?

A

plasma zn - royal blue top tube

response to therapy - poor option

153
Q

what is the treatment for zinc responsive dermatosis?

A

zinc supplementation - be wary of declining copper

LA DX & TX I (45 decks)

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