Exam 2 - Swine Respiratory Disease Flashcards
what is included in the swine upper respiratory tract?
structures outside the chest
highly vascular, mucosal surfaces
conduction to lower airways
what is included in the swine lower respiratory tract?
structures inside the chest
lungs have 7 lobes - exchange gases between the body & external environment
what are some examples of impairment of respiratory defenses?
mucociliary apparatus dysfunction, pulmonary macrophages, stress, overwhelming the defense
disease typically categorized into rhinitis, pneumonia, & pleuritis
what is porcine respiratory disease complex?
combination of infectious agents and interactions with synergistic/additive effect
common to find 4+ agents
T/F: if you control or eradicate 1 agent in porcine respiratory disease complex, you can help decrease clinical signs
true
what animals are susceptible to porcine respiratory disease complex?
commercial swine housed under intense management strategies – many affected at once
what is PRRS?
porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome
what is the etiology of porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome?
arteriviridae family - not zoonotic
can affect herds devastatingly
what age of animals are affected by porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome?
all ages
what are the clinical signs of porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome?
fever, inappetence, labored breathing, decreased growth/performance
chronic poor doers, diffuse interstitial pneumonia, vasculitis/arteritis
how is porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome diagnosed?
virus isolation - gold standard!!
IF, IHC, PCR, antibody testing
how is porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome treated?
it’s not
how is porcine reproductive & respiratory syndrome prevented/managed?
vaccination (pros/cons), biosecurity, minimize respiratory disease in herds, & eradicate disease
what is the etiology of swine influenza virus type a?
H1N1, H3N2, H1N2 - potentially zoonotic
what are the clinical signs of epizootic swine influenza virus type a?
high morbidity/low mortality
barking cough, high fever, dullness, & anorexia
what are the clinical signs of enzootic swine influenza virus type a?
mild clinical signs comparatively, other respiratory pathogens contribute
what diagnostics are used for swine influenza virus type a?
clinical signs, FA, IHC, ACE, PCR for virus ID, antibody detection, & necropsy
what is seen on necropsy that is supportive of swine influenza virus type a?
atelectasis, hyperemia, & emphysema
what is the treatment used for swine influenza virus type a?
supportive care, minimize stress, anti-inflammatories (flunixin, aspirin), prevent secondary bacterial infections
how is swine influenza virus type a prevented?
vaccines - pros/cons
what is the etiology of porcine circovirus type 2? what age of animals are affected?
not zoonotic - typically affects young animals ages 5-12 weeks
what are the clinical signs of porcine circovirus type 2?
progressive weight loss, unthrifty, skin discoloration, enlarge LN, failure to thrive
what is seen on necropsy of an animal with porcine circovirus type 2?
interstitial pneumonia, necrotizing bronchitis, lymphadenopathy, lymphocytic hepatitis, enteritis, nephritis
what diagnostics are used for porcine circovirus type 2?
PCR, IHC, or serology
what treatment is used for porcine circovirus type 2?
supportive care - prevent secondary disease
how is porcine circovirus type 2 prevented?
vaccination
what age of animals are affected by mycoplasma hyopneumoniae?
grower/finisher pigs
what is the pathogenesis of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae?
colonization of airways, inflammatory response, inhibition of the mucociliary apparatus - causes bronchopneumonia
T/F: mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a major contributor to porcine respiratory disease complex
true
what are the clinical signs of mycoplasma hyopneumoniae?
non-productive cough, inappetence, growth suppression
what is seen post-mortem in an animal with mycoplasma hyopneumoniae?
plum-colored, firm areas of pulmonary consolidation bilaterally
how is mycoplasma hyopneumoniae diagnosed?
necropsy - FA on pulmonary tissues, PCR
culture is difficult
what treatment is used for mycoplasma hyopneumoniae?
antimicrobials - tetracyclines, macrolides, lincosamides
how is mycoplasma hyopneumoniae prevented?
management practices & eradication
what age of animals are affected by actinobacillus pleuropneumonia?
grower/finisher pigs
what are the clinical signs of actinobacillus pleuropneumonia?
sudden death, fever, anorexia, dullness, dyspnea, & thumps
what is seen post-mortem on an animal with actinobacillus pleuropneumonia?
adhesions between lung lobes, hemorrhage, & fibrin
what diagnostics are used for actinobacillus pleuropneumonia?
culture, PCR, serology, & tonsilar samples
how is actinobacillus pleuropneumonia treated?
injectable beta-lactams (ceftiofur/penicillin)
fluoroquinolones - enrofloxacin
macrolides - tulathromycin
how is actinobacillus pleuropneumonia prevented?
vaccination, prophylactic antibiotics, early weaning
what is the causative agent of pasteurellosis?
pasteurella multocida
what age of animals are affected by pasteurellosis?
grower/finisher pigs
what is the pathogenesis of pasteurellosis?
lesions associated with purulent bronchopneumonia
what are the clinical signs of pasteurellosis?
chronic cough, +/- fever, anorexia, decreased growth
how is pasteurellosis diagnosed?
bacterial culture
how is pasteurellosis treated?
antibiotics - ceftiofur, tetracyclines, tylosin, enrofloxacin
how is pasteurellosis prevented?
vaccination, management strategies, prevent primary pathogens
what is the causative agent of pulmonary bordetellosis? what does this agent also cause?
bordetella bronchiseptica - promotes atrophic rhinitis
what age of animal is affected by pulmonary bordetellosis?
all ages
what is the pathogenesis of pulmonary bordetellosis?
highly infectious & rapidly transmitted
what are the clinical signs of pulmonary bordetellosis?
asymptomatic to lethal pneumonia, sneezing, nasal/ocular discharge, cough, nosebleed, lethargy, death
how is pulmonary bordetellosis diagnosed?
isolation/culture from nasal swabs, postmortem lung washes, tissue samples
how is pulmonary bordetellosis treated?
tetracyclines, sulfas, tulathromycin, & enrofloxacin
how is pulmonary bordetellosis prevented?
bacterin vaccines may be protective
what are the causative agents of atrophic rhinitis/progressive atrophic rhinitis?
b. bronchiseptica & p. multocida
what age of animals experience more severe infections with atrophic rhinitis/progressive atrophic rhinitis?
early in life
what is the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis/progressive atrophic rhinitis?
progressive shortening of the snout & atrophy of the turbinates
what are the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis/progressive atrophic rhinitis?
sneezing, epiphora, epistaxis, snout distortion, bleeding snout
how is atrophic rhinitis/progressive atrophic rhinitis diagnosed?
ultrasound, snout cross-section post-mortem
how is atrophic rhinitis/progressive atrophic rhinitis treated/controlled?
reduce prevalence of pathogens (vaccinate sows, medicate feed, ventilation), vaccinate with bacterin/toxoid
what is the causative agent of glasser’s disease?
haemophilus parasuis
what age of animal are most commonly affected by glasser’s disease?
post weaning, 4-8 weeks
what is the pathogenesis of glasser’s disease?
pneumonia, meningitis, polyserositis, fibrinous septicemia
what clinical signs are seen with glasser’s disease?
dyspnea, wasting, neuro signs, sudden death, high fever, & cough
how is glasser’s disease diagnosed?
PCR & elisa - research setting
how is glasser’s disease treated?
antibiotics & nsaids
what is the most common serotype of streptococcus suis?
type 2
what age of animals are most commonly affected by streptococcus suis?
post-weaning
zoonotic!!
what is the pathogenesis of streptococcus suis?
infection more common than disease
what are the clinical signs of streptococcus suis?
pneumonia, meningitis, polyserositis, septicemia
what diagnostics are used for streptococcus suis?
clinical signs, age of the animal, lesions, culture, & serotyping
how is streptococcus suis treated/control?
vaccination & antibiotics
what agents cause verminous pneumonia in pigs?
ascarid ascaris suum
metastrongylus elongatus - lung worms
what is the pathogenesis of ascarid ascaris suum?
migrate through the liver (milk spots) & lungs
can cause severe pneumonia & death, predisposed to bacterial pneumonia
what is the pathogenesis of lungworms?
adults live in the terminal bronchioles
T/F: swine aren’t as sensitive to toxic gases
false - extremely sensitive
what 3 toxic exposures are listed for swine?
- ammonia - chronic stressor & nasal irritant
- hydrogen sulfide (manure holding pits) - causes pulmonary edema & asphyxiation
- carbon monoxide - competes with oxygen & has a better binding affinity
