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LA DX & TX I > Exam 2 - Food Animal Cardiology > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Food Animal Cardiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the normal heart rate of an adult cow?

A

60-90 bpm

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2
Q

what is the normal heart rate of a calf?

A

90-110 bpm

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3
Q

what is the most common congenital heart defect in cattle?

A

high ventricular septal defect

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4
Q

T/F: a newborn calf may have a innocent murmur present at birth similar to foals

A

false - foals can have a PDA up to 96 hours into life, but calves should not be born with a murmur

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5
Q

what is the most common arrhythmia seen in ruminants?

A

atrial fibrillation

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6
Q

if you have a ruminant present with atrial fibrillation, what else should you investigate?

A

look for gi disease!! common acid-base imbalance is metabolic alkalosis

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7
Q

what examples of gi disease can result in atrial fibrillation in a cow?

A

left or right displaced abomasum

intestinal obstruction

diarrhea

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8
Q

what metabolic abnormalities can be seen in a cow with atrial fibrillation?

A

metabolic alkalosis - low k, Cl, & sometimes Ca

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9
Q

why is the right av valve affected so much in cows with myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

the rumen is teaming with bacteria & liver abscesses can throw micro-emboli

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10
Q

what is the pathogenesis of myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

originates either hematogenously or extension of an adjacent infection (pericarditis)

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11
Q

what are some of the common etiologies of myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

foot & mouth virus

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12
Q

what are the common clinical signs of infectious myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

lethargy, variable fever, weight loss, tachycardia, may or may not have a murmur, & +/- signs of right sided heart failure

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13
Q

what diagnostics are used to diagnose myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

echo - difficult on adults, so the left side may provide better imaging, try to get to 3rd/4th ICS

CBC - helpful if bacterial

chemistry panel - look at albumin & globulin if edema is present, GGT, bilirubin, & creatinine may be elevated in heart failure

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14
Q

what may be seen on clin path in an animal with myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

inflammatory leukogram - not always

fibrinogen elevated - not always

increased creatinine & GGT - can be high in heart failure

a/g ratio < 0.6

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15
Q

what are potential sequelae of myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

liver abscesses & pneumonia

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16
Q

what is the etiology associated with myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

staph spp., strep spp., trueperella spp., & e. coli

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17
Q

bacteremia or septicemia can originate from what in myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

sources of chronic infection - chronic mastitis, foot rot, metritis, liver abscesses

rumen via ruminal acidosis

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18
Q

why does ruminal acidosis cause problems in the cardiovascular system?

A

when the rumen becomes acidotic, the normal bacteria present in the rumen is allowed to transcend the rumen wall into the blood stream which then can travel to the liver, heart, & lungs all of which can manifest in infection

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19
Q

what rumen bacteria can cause myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

coliforms, gram positives, & anaerobes

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20
Q

if there is a heart murmur present in a cow with endocarditis, where may it be heard best?

A

PMI - right av valve, 4th intercostal space

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21
Q

why is a blood culture typically not used for diagnosing myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

useful only if the sample is obtained before animals are on antibiotics - but this is often not the case as animals have often been started on a medication

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22
Q

how can you differentiate between pleural effusion & muffled heart sounds from pericarditis?

A

in pleural effusion, lung sounds will be absent ventrally, but heart sounds are present & radiate out

in pericarditis, extremely muffled, ‘adult PDA’, washing machine murmur

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23
Q

what is the etiology of pericarditis?

A

mycoplasma bovis

hardware disease

myocarditis/endocarditis

extension from the lungs

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24
Q

what are the clinical signs seen with pericarditis?

A

muffled heart sounds - difficult if not impossible to hear

washing machine murmur

tachycardia

pleural effusion vs. pericarditis

signs of right-sided heart failure - brisket edema & jugular vein pulse

25
Q

what diagnostics can be used for pericarditis?

A

CBC/chemistry

echo

26
Q

what is the mechanism of disease for cor pulmonale?

A

pulmonary hypertension - trash lungs/animal not acclimating well to high altitudes

pressure builds up in the capillary beds against the arteries because in low oxygen, constriction of the vessels occurs, so the arteries pump harder which leads to left-sided heart failure

27
Q

what are the clinical signs of cor pulmonale?

A

right-sided heart failure - even though it’s technically left-sided, signs of right-sided are better appreciated

28
Q

what diagnostics are used for pericarditis?

A

history, ruling out other diseases, & baermann test for lung worms

29
Q

what is the only form of lymphoma in adult cows associated with BLV?

A

enzootic lymphosarcoma

30
Q

what is the common anatomical site for enzootic lymphoma?

A

right atrium

31
Q

if there are signs of cardiac lymphoma, but the animal is BLV negative, what do you suspect?

A

not a tumor - going to be an abscess or myocarditis

32
Q

what diagnostics should be used for lymphoma?

A

BLV test

ultrasound - sometimes will see wall thickening

CBC - may be helpful, persistent lymphocytosis

33
Q

what is the timing associated with enzootic lymphosarcoma?

A

adult form is 3-6 years

34
Q

what are the clinical signs of bovine lymphoma with a tumor located in the right atrium?

A

right-sided heart failure signs

35
Q

what are the clinical signs associated with right-sided heart failure?

A

jugular pulse that extends further than 3/4 the way up the neck when the head is held in a normal position

jugular vein doesn’t collapse below the point where held off

brisket edema - possibly up to the submandibular region

tachycardia

maybe a murmu

36
Q

what toxins can cause clinical signs of right-sided heart failure?

A

ionophores - monensin

yew

oleander

gossypol

37
Q

if you see black streaks in the heart at necropsy, what’s on your differential list?

A

clostridium chauvoei

plant toxicity - yew, oleander, & gossypol

myocarditis/endocarditis/pericarditis

38
Q

what are the 4 causes given for edema in ruminants?

A
  1. increased hydrostatic pressure - cardiac
  2. decreased oncotic pressure - low protein
  3. vasculitis - increased vascular permeability
  4. blockage in lymphatic flow - masses within lymphatics or within the thorax
39
Q

how can you rule out endocarditis of the heart valves?

A

listen for a murmur

40
Q

how can you test for decreased oncotic pressure in ruminants?

A

check total protein, chemistry panel to look at globulins & albumin

41
Q

how can you test for vasculitis in ruminants?

A

evidence of septicemia - do a CBC to look at the white cell count, fibrinogen, & look at conjunctival blood vessels to see if there are any bleeds or if hyperemic

42
Q

how can you test for blocked lymphatics in ruminants?

A

use an ultrasound to look for masses in the cranial mediastinum

palpate peripheral lymph nodes

43
Q

how can you test for a mass in the right atrium in ruminants?

A

need to rule out lymphoma - test for BLV & echo

44
Q

how can you test for pericarditis in ruminants?

A

echo!!!

look for pieces of fibrin, suspect hardware disease

45
Q

how can you test for pulmonary hypertension in ruminants?

A

lifestyle - environment of the animal, high altitude

pneumonia that is chronic & severe in nature

baermann test - rule out lung worms

46
Q

what are the 6 differentials given to rule out edema?

A
  1. endocarditis of the valves
  2. decreased oncotic pressure
  3. vasculitis - increased vascular permeability
  4. blocked lymphatics -
  5. mass in the right atrium -
  6. pericarditis - increased hydrostatic pressure
  7. pulmonary hypertension
47
Q

what is the pathogenesis of caudal vena cava syndrome?

A

rumen acidosis leads to spread of the bacteria to the liver where microemboli form & spread to form abscesses in the lungs

clots then form in the caudal vena cava resulting in congestion

animals can cough up blood & have respiratory problems

48
Q

what is the pathogenesis of caudal vena cava syndrome?

A
  1. liver abscesses
  2. pneumonia
  3. myocarditis/endocarditis
  4. inflammatory mediators lead to small blood clots that are dispersed - seeding of organs leads to thrombus formation most commonly in the caudal vena cava
  5. lungs get showered & filled with abscesses
  6. abscesses rupture into airways/blood vessels & the animal coughs up blood
  7. sudden death
49
Q

what is seen on this ultrasound of the liver?

A

big abscess

50
Q

what is the major infectious cause of cardiac disease in swine?

A

erysipelas

51
Q

what are the most common cardiac problems encountered in camelids?

A

congenital defects

52
Q

this is a nail poking through the reticulum of a cow as seen on necropsy - what cardiac problem do you suspect it caused? what would you expect to see on an echo of the heart?

A

traumatic reticulopericarditis - hardware disease

fluid in the pericardial sac

53
Q

what is the treatment plan for a cow with myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

long-term antimicrobials - broad spectrum, IV oxytetracycline SID & florfenicol

possibly lasixs

NSAIDs

54
Q

what is the prognosis of myocarditis/endocarditis?

A

guarded to poor

if you get them before signs of full blown heart failure - may get them into recovery

55
Q

what is this lesion?

A

BLV - lymphoma in the right atrium of the heart

56
Q

what plant is this?

A

oleander - cardic problems

57
Q

what plant is this?

A

yew

58
Q

what is the toxin that causes cardiac disease in cattle that comes from this plant?

A

gossypol - cotton seed meal

LA DX & TX I (45 decks)

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