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LA DX & TX I > Exam 3 - Calf Scours > Flashcards

Exam 3 - Calf Scours Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 6 major causes of calf diarrhea?

A
  1. ETEC
  2. rotavirus
  3. coronavirus
  4. cryptosporidium
  5. salmonellosis
  6. nutritional (improperly mixed ration)
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2
Q

what animals are typically affected by clostridium perfringens type a & type c?

A

type a - dairy cattle

type c - beef cattle

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3
Q

what is the pathogenesis of ETEC causing diarrhea in calves?

A

bacteria are ingested & they multiply in the ileum & ascend into the small intestine where the fimbriae of the bacteria attach to the F5/K99 cell receptor which has an age dependent attachment (<5 days old)

toxin released causes hypersecretion of chloride, inhibition of the Na-Cl transporter on the luminal surface, & loss of Na, Cl, & HCO2 into the lumen

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4
Q

what pathology does ETEC cause in the gi tract? what kind of diarrhea does ETEC cause?

A

minimal to no villous damage - secretory type diarrhea

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5
Q

what is the pathogenesis of rotavirus causing diarrhea in calves?

A

calves ingest the organism & they infect the mature brush border epithelial cells of the small/large intestines & slough the infected cells

villous atrophy will cells replaced from the crypts (cuboidal or squamous cells with decreased lactase activity) resulting in a maldigestive diarrhea & a longer repair time because the crypts are involved

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6
Q

what age are calves typically affected by rotavirus?

A

5-7 days in beef calves & earlier breaks in dairy calves

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7
Q

are colostral antibodies protective against coronavirus?

A

only during ingestion

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8
Q

what kind of diarrhea does rotavirus cause?

A

maldigestive diarrhea & secondary malabsorptive diarrhea

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9
Q

what are the main sources of infection for coronavirus?

A

calves!!!!!! environment, cows - shed more at parturition

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10
Q

how can you decrease parturition shedding of coronavirus?

A

vaccination of cows

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11
Q

T/F: coronavirus calves may have respiratory signs

A

true

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12
Q

what pathogens that cause calf scours are zoonotic?

A

cryptosporidium & salmonellosis

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13
Q

what is the pathogenesis of cryptosporidium?

A

multiply in the brush border of the ileum & colonic epithelium - intracellular but extracytoplasmic organism

causes villus atrophy & villus fusion in the small intestines & hyperplasia of the crypts

persistent clinical signs!!!

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14
Q

what salmonella is host adapted to cattle?

A

salmonella dublin

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15
Q

T/F: infection caused by salmonella is dose dependent

A

true

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16
Q

what kind of diarrhea does salmonella cause?

A

malabsorptive/maldigestive diarrhea

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17
Q

what are the clinical signs of salmonellosis?

A

malabsorptive/maldigestive diarrhea, lymph node colonization, bacteremia, & fever

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18
Q

what is the pathogenesis of salmonellosis?

A

organism is ingested - causes invasive enteritis in the ileum, cecum, & colon

protein, fluid, & electrolyte loss into the lumen

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19
Q

how is clostridium perfringens spread?

A

organisms are ubiquitous - ingested with subsequent proliferation/commensal

milk primarily digested in abomasum & SI

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20
Q

what predisposes an animal to developing clostridium perfringens?

A

organism overgrowth - poorly developed flora

abrupt change in feeding pattern, stress, toxin production

toxin - local & systemic effects

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21
Q

what is typically the nutritional problem that causes diarrhea in calves?

A

poor quality milk replacer - plant protein is trash

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22
Q

what are 6 common disorders of neonatal calves?

A
  1. dehydration
  2. acidemia
  3. hypoglycemia
  4. sepsis
  5. hypothermia
  6. congenital abnormalities
23
Q

what diagnostics & treatment should be done for ETEC, rotavirus, coronavirus, & cryptosporidium?

A

no diagnostics

rehydrate, correct acid/base & electrolyte derangements

24
Q

what diagnostics are used for salmonellosis? what treatment?

A

fecal culture & CBC

antibiotics & anti-inflammatories

25
Q

why is it important to run diagnostics such as culture & histopathology for calves with suspected clostridium perfringens quickly before/after death?

A

overgrowth is common after death!!!

26
Q

what diagnostics & treatment are used for clostridium perfringens?

A

culture - histopathology for toxin ID

antibiotics, anti-inflammatories, & anti-toxin

27
Q

how is septicemia diagnosed & treated in calves?

A

blood culture & cbc

antibiotics & anti-inflammatories

28
Q

what makes up visual appraisal in a calf with scours?

A

diarrhea staining, demeanor, BCS, stance, & abdominal contour

29
Q

if you see a toxic line in a calf with diarrhea, what disease process do you suspect?

A

salmonellosis

30
Q

what percentage dehydration does a calf have a comatose demeanor & dry mucus membranes?

A

11-12%

31
Q

what 3 things should you not forget to check in a calf with diarrhea?

A

umbilicus, joints, & rectal temperature

32
Q

what clinical signs are seen in a calf with undifferentiated diarrhea?

A

loose-watery diarrhea, dehydration, weakness, depression, metabolic acidosis, hyperkalemia, & death

33
Q

what are the diagnostics & corrections made when approach a calf with diarrhea?

A

minimal to no diagnostics - guide specific intervention

correct hydration, acid/base problems, & electrolytes - give antibiotics if sick

34
Q

what is the maintenance fluid therapy needed for calves?

A

60-120 ml/kg/day - need more than an adult

35
Q

what is the shock/maximum fluid rate for a calf?

A

90 ml/kg/hr

36
Q

what is the maximum sustained fluid rate for a calf with diarrhea?

A

80 ml/kg/hr

37
Q

what is the conservative replacement fluid rate for calves?

A

30-50 ml/kg/hr

38
Q

what is the maximum potassium administration rate in calves?

A

0.5 mmol (mEq/kg/hr)

39
Q

what is the daily fluid requirement of calves?

A

deficit + maintenance + ongoing loss

40
Q

how is fluid deficit calculated?

A

% dehydration * body weight (kg)

41
Q

what is the equation used for base deficit?

A

body weight (kg) * base deficit mmol/L * 0.6 = base deficit mEq/L

154 mEq bicarbonate/L isotonic fluid

( # mEq bicarb) / 12 = g HCO3

13g HCO3/L = isotonic HCO3

42
Q

how is calf diarrhea managed?

A

fecal oral contamination & knowing that infected calves are the reservoir

43
Q

how is calf diarrhea controlled?

A

minimize exposure to pathogen, ensure adequate colostral intake, boost specific/non-specific immunity, & promote biosecurity

44
Q

what are some risk factors for calf diarrhea?

A

calving pens, lack of colostrum ingestion, dirty teats, unsanitary equipment, group/intensive housing, continuous rearing, overcrowding, & sick calves

45
Q

how is cryptosporidium prevented?

A

good hygiene

46
Q

how is coronavirus infection prevented?

A

vaccinating cows & good hygiene

47
Q

how is rotavirus infection prevented?

A

good hygiene, vaccinate cows, & cellular entry slowed with age

48
Q

how is ETEC infection prevented?

A

cows - vaccination with purified K99 fimbrial antigen

calves - oral fimbrial Ab pre colostrum

49
Q

how is salmonellosis prevented?

A

cull carriers, good hygiene, milk replacer

50
Q

how is clostridium diarrhea prevented?

A

good hygiene, enhance immunity, manage feeding practices, proper mixing of food

51
Q

what recommendations are made for preventing dairy calf diarrhea?

A

ensure adequate colostral intake, disinfect feeding utensils, treat healthy before sick

hutches - decreased contamination, 15% more than needed, separate hutches, clean/disinfect/move hutches

52
Q

what recommendations are made for preventing beef calf diarrhea?

A

calving hygiene - clean, well drained pastures, gestation based calving groups, shorten the season

ensure adequate colostrum intake, hygiene in problem areas (waterers & feeders)

53
Q

what is the demeanor scoring system used for calves?

A

score 1. standing, strong suckle, base deficit 0 if < 8 days & 5 if > 8 days

score 2. standing, weak suckle, base deficit 5 if < 8 days & 10 if > 8 days

score 3. sternal recumbency, base deficit 10 if < 8 days & 15 if > 8 days

score 4. lateral recumbency, base deficit 15 if < 8 days & 20 if > 8 days

LA DX & TX I (45 decks)

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