Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

LA DX & TX I > Exam 2 - Equine Upper Respiratory Anatomy, Function, & Diagnostics > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Equine Upper Respiratory Anatomy, Function, & Diagnostics Flashcards

1
Q

what nerve provides sensory to the face & mucosa?

A

trigeminal nerve - cn V

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what nerve provides motor function to the muscles of facial expression?

A

facial nerve - cn VII

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the action of the levator nasolabialis muscle?

A

lifts lips & nares up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the action of the dilator naris lateralis muscle?

A

pulls nares out to the side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the action of the transversus nasi muscle?

A

pulls nares up & forward

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what anatomic structure defines the nasopharynx? how?

A

nasal septum

nasopharynx begins at the nasal septum & ends at the level of the ethmoid turbinates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the infraorbital canal runs between what 2 sinuses? is there any communication?

A

rostral maxillary sinus & ventral conchal sinus

rostral maxillary sinus communicates with the ventral conchal sinus over the infraorbital canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the circled structures?

A

purple - rostral maxillary sinus

yellow - infraorbital canal

green - ventral conchal sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how does the dorsal conchal & frontal sinus communicate with the caudal maxillary sinus?

A

frontomaxillary aperture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what does the maxillary septum divide?

A

the rostral maxillary sinus from the caudal maxillary sinus

bulla of the maxillary septum walls off the little compartment dorsally

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the direct opening between the frontal & caudal maxillary sinuses called?

A

frontomaxillary aperture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the name of the structure that is a natural opening of the maxillary sinuses into the nasal cavity through the middle meatus?

A

nasomaxillary opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

T/F: there is no direct communication between the frontal sinus & nasal cavity

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is included in the ‘big’ compartment of the paranasal sinuses of the horse?

A

dorsal conchal sinus

frontal sinus - frontomaxillary aperture - caudal maxillary

sphenopalatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is included in the ‘little’ compartment of the paranasal sinuses of the horse?

A

ventral conchal & rostral maxillary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

label all:

orange, light blue, green, yellow, red, purple, & dark blue

A

orange - rostral maxillary & ventral conchal

light blue - maxillary septum

yellow - caudal maxillary

dark blue - dorsal conchal

purple - frontal sinus

green - bulla & frontomaxillary aperture

red - sphenopalatine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the action of the intrinsic muscles of the nasopharynx?

A

supports the wall

dilation during respiration

contraction during swallowing

18
Q

what is the action of the extrinsic muscles of the nasopharynx?

A

associated with the hyoid apparatus

indirectly maintains patency - laryngeal & oropharyngeal position

19
Q

what defines the floor of the nasopharynx?

A

soft palate - tight seal with the epiglottis

20
Q

what structures make up the nasopharynx?

A

intrinsic & extrinsic muscles

soft palate

salpingopharyngeal plicae

dorsopharyngeal recess

21
Q

what is located in the medial compartment of the guttural pouches?

A

pharyngeal branch of the vagus n

cn 9-12

cervical sympathetic trunk

internal carotid a

22
Q

what is located in the lateral compartment of the guttural pouches?

A

cn 7 & 8

external carotid artery - becomes maxillary artery

23
Q

how do the paired arytenoids articulate with the cricoid?

A

corniculate process

muscular process

vocal process

24
Q

what does they thyroid cartilage articulate with?

A

cricoid - cricothyroid membrane is palpable

25
Q

what muscle is responsible for opening the larynx during breathing?

A

cricoarytenoideus dorsalis - opens arytenoids

26
Q

what muscle is responsible for closing the larynx during swallowing?

A

cricoarytenoideus lateralis - closes arytenoids

27
Q

what is the function of the extrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

stabilize the hyoid apparatus & larynx

some function in rima glottis area

28
Q

what is the neural input/output of the larynx?

A

internal & external branches of the cranial laryngeal n - branch of the vagus

recurrent laryngeal nerve - branch of the vagus

29
Q

what is the structure of the trachea regarding the location of hyaline cartilage, smooth muscle, & annular ligaments?

A

hyaline cartilage rings ventrally

smooth muscle dorsally - stabilization during respiration & relaxation during swallowing

annular ligaments between rings

30
Q

what are the general mechanics of normal respiration in a horse?

A

active expansion of the thorax lowers pressure within the airway

tension of the upper airway provides dilation & stabilization

air moves down its pressure gradient

gas exchange occurs at the alveoli only

passive exhalation with active contraction at the end

31
Q

what is the formula for minute ventilation?

A

breath volume * respiratory rate

32
Q

what is the minute ventilation of a horse at rest? at exercise?

A

at rest - 67 L/min

exercise - 1800 L/min

33
Q

what is poiseulle’s law?

A

reduction of the radius by 1/2 increases the resistance by a factor of 16

34
Q

how does the bernoulli effect work in horses?

A

makes everything want to collapse into the airway lumen

35
Q

why not use sedation when doing upper airway diagnostics?

A

affects muscles & clouds clinical judgement

36
Q

what are some differentials for right-sided RLN?

A

arytenoid chondritis

iatrogenic

4th brachial arch deficiency - fusion of cricothyroid

naturally occuring RLN

37
Q

how can you differentiate between left & right RLN?

A

slap test & ultrasound evaluation

38
Q

what are the disadvantages of using endoscopy for dynamic lesions?

A

up to 85% false negative rate

39
Q

what are some indications for doing a dynamic endoscopy exam?

A

problem is only present during exercise

suspicion of UA disease but normal resting

see something - lymphoid hyperplasia, diffuse or focal hyperemia, or grade 2 RLN

poor performance work up

PPE - respiratory noise heard during exam, high value animal doing high intensity work, or abnormal findings on physical exam (assymetrical slap test)

40
Q

when is CT useful in upper airway disease?

A

sinuses, teeth, ethmoids, & luminal laryngeal problems

41
Q

when is MRI useful for evaluating upper airway disease?

A

intrinsic laryngeal musculature assessment

42
Q

inhalation results in lower airway ______ & upper airway ______

A

expansion

collapse

LA DX & TX I (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions