Final Exam Chapter 6 review

Question 1

What is cAMP and the function of it?

Answer 1

acts as a crucial “second messenger” molecule, transmitting signals from extracellular hormones or neurotransmitters to the inside of a cell, thereby regulating a wide range of cellular functions

Question 2

What are two ways calcium enters the cytosol of a cell in signal transduction?

Answer 2

1. Release of stored Calcium in the Smooth plasmic reticulum (SER), and Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
2. Opening of calcium channels

Question 3

When does calcium become a second messenger?

Answer 3

• When it is released to the inside of the cell. And when it binds to the calmodulin which activates other enzymes

Question 4

Name two triggers/mechanisms that stimulate an increase of intracellular calcium

Answer 4

• 1. G proteins: which triggers the SER to release a lot of Ca2+
• 2. Phospholipase C: Which phosphorylates calcium channel proteins. Which opens the channels and permits extracellular calcium to come in

Question 5

What does the second messenger do in signal transduction?

Answer 5

alters the gating of ions, increases intracellular calcium levels, and changes enzyme activity

Question 6

What is osmosis?

Answer 6

moving from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

Question 7

What is the job of the G-protein coupled receptor?

Answer 7

When a ligand binds to it, It acts as a middleman between the receptor and second messenger which can open an ion channel or alter enzyme activity

Question 8

What is the role of the G-protein coupled receptor in signal transduction?

Answer 8

It is a second messenger in signal transduction which can open an ion channel or alter enzyme activity

Question 9

What is the pathway of the first messenger epinephrine and norepinephrine that uses cAMP as a secondary messenger (4 steps) DONT KNOW SPECIFICS JUST GET THE MAIN CONCEPT OF IT

Answer 9

1. It binds to the protein receptor
2. G protein is activated and activates enzyme Adenylate Cyclase
3. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (amplifies ATP to do that)
4. camp is a second messenger and induces enzyme activity and releases glucose in the skeletal muscles and liver