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Physiology lecture > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is direction communication?

A

Communication between 2 cells of the same type by gap junctions. CONNECTED SINGLE CELL FUNCTION COMMUNICATION

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2
Q

What is Juxtacrine communication?

A

Communication between 2 cells by contact or touching each other. The ligand binds to the receptor of the other cell and they communicate like that

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3
Q

What is paracrine communication?

A

It uses chemical messengers to transfer information from cell to cell within a single tissue. The messenger goes around the neighborhood of cell tissues and tells them (binds to them) individually

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4
Q

What is autocrine communication and an example?

A

It is where the cell communicates to itself and does the action

Example: T cells in the immune system release a growth chemical which they then respond to themselves. It increases proliferation

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5
Q

What is endocrine communication?

A

Where the chemical messenger is sent through the bloodstream to the target organ and binds to the receptor on the organ

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6
Q

What is the job of a receptor channel?

A

When a ligand binds to it, it causes it to open or close

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6
Q

What is synaptic communication?

A

Where the chemical signal is sent through neurons by the neurotransmitter straight to the target cell and its receptors

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7
Q

What is the difference between plasma membrane receptors and intracellular receptors?

A

Plasma membrane receptors: They respond to lipophobic chemicals at the cell surface and they do signal transduction

Intracellular receptors: They lipid soluble receptors that are located in a cell and alter stuff in the cell. Examples are steroids and thyroid hormones

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8
Q

What is the job of the G-protein coupled receptor?

A

When a ligand binds to it, It acts as a middleman between the receptor and second messenger which can open an ion channel or alter enzyme activity

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9
Q

What is the job of the receptor enzyme?

A

When a ligand binds to it, Triggers intracellular enzyme activity

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10
Q

What is the job of integrin receptors?

A

When a ligand binds to it, It alters the cytoskeleton

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11
Q

What is the role of the G-protein coupled receptor in signal transduction?

A

It is a second messenger in signal transduction which can open an ion channel or alter enzyme activity

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12
Q

What is a first messenger in signal transduction?

A

It is the first signal that bounds to it’s outside receptor.

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13
Q

What is a second messenger in signal transduction?

A

They do specific responses and gets the final cell response

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14
Q

What does the first messenger do in signal tansduction?

A

It amplifies enzyme activity to create second messengers and it activates kinases to regulate cellular processes

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15
Q

What does the second messenger do in signal transduction?

A

alters the gating of ions, increases intracellular calcium levels, and changes enzyme activity

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16
Q

How can epinephrine active and deactivate cell activity?

A

It depends on the receptor if it is alpha or beta (they do their own thing every single time)

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17
Q

What are some examples of first messenger?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine, Calcitonin, hormones (ADH, ACTH, LH, Etc.)

18
Q

What is the pathway of the first messenger epinephrine and norepinephrine that uses cAMP as a secondary messenger (4 steps)

A
  1. It binds to the protein receptor
  2. G protein is activated and activates enzyme Adenylate Cyclase
  3. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (amplifies ATP to do that)
  4. camp is a second messenger and induces enzyme activity and releases glucose in the skeletal muscles and liver
19
Q

What are the steps that take place where cAMP increases the target cell response?(4)

A
  1. Activated G proteins activate the enzyme adenylate cyclase
  2. Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
  3. cAMP is a second messenger and activates kinase to do phosphorylation (adds phosphate group to another molecule
  4. Phosphodiesterase inactivate cAMP to AMP making cAMP short lived
20
Q

What are the steps that take place where cAMP decreases the target cell response? (4)

A
  1. Activated G proteins stimulate phosphodiesterase activity
  2. Adenylate cyclase activity is inhibited
  3. cAMP levels decline and MP levels increase
  4. Without phosphorylation key enzymes remain inactive
21
Q

What does ESTERASE mean when it is part of a word?

A

disables or breaks something down

22
Q

What inhibits cAMP?

A

The enzyme Phosphodiesterase

23
Q

What are two ways calcium enters the cytosol of a cell in signal transduction?

A
  1. Release of stored Calcium in the Smooth plasmic reticulum (SER), and Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
  2. Opening of calcium channels
24
Q

When does calcium become a second messenger?

A
  • When it is released to the inside of the cell. And when it binds to the calmodulin which activates other enzymes
25
Q

Name two triggers/mechanisms that stimulate an increase of intracellular calcium

A
    1. G proteins: which triggers the SER to release a lot of Ca2+
    1. Phospholipase C: Which phosphorylates calcium channel proteins. Which opens the channels and permits extracellular calcium to come in
26
Q

How does calcium lead to an increase in enzyme activity?

A
  • It binds to calmodulin which then activates enzymes and increases the enzyme activity
27
Q

What are the two catecholamines that we need to know?

A
  • Epinephrine, norepinephrine
28
Q

What is the general function of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A
  • Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight)
29
Q

Does epinephrine and norepinephrine increase or decrease target cell response? and what does it depend on?

A
  • They can do both it all depends on the alpha or beta receptors. They alpha or beta receptors either increase or decrease so it depends which one they bind to
30
Q

What are some of the target cells of epinephrine and norepinephrine?

A
  • Alpha- and Beta-Adrenergic receptors
    • muscle cells, heart cells, lung cells, blood vessel cells, and liver cell
31
Q

Where are the target cells for epinephrine and norepinephrine located?

A
  • They are located in the heart, various blood vessels, lungs, smooth muscles, brain
  • muscle cells, heart cells, lung cells, blood vessel cells, and liver cell
32
Q

Does epinephrine and norepinephrine require G-coupled protein receptors?

A

Yes to exert its effects

33
Q

Does epinephrine and norepinephrine require second messengers?

A

Yes to carry out its effects to the body

34
Q

What is the cascade? (what happens)

A

Begins with the stimulus and activates the receptor molecule A. Then Molecule A activates inactive molecule B and keeps doing that same process for each molecule until the final step of a substrate is converted into a product

35
Q

What is upregulation?

A

When there are low hormone levels the cells increase the amount of hormone receptors that they have on them so they can bind to the hormones more when they are present. They are more sensitive to the hormones. (Sensitive to a molecule or hormone so they make more receptors to get more hormones if more come and appear)

36
Q

What is downregulation?

A

Where the hormone levels around the cells are too high so they decrease the amount of hormone receptors that they have on them. They become less sensitive to the hormone. (too much molecule or hormone and they feel sick and they get rid of the receptor so the hormone cannot bind to them as much)

37
Q

What is amplification?

A
  • It is where small amounts of protein molecules bind to the membrane receptors which amplifies the enzymes that leads to thousands of second messengers in the cell. It magnifies the effect of protein on a target cell
38
Q

norepinephrine is a hormone that requires a membrane receptor. Put each step in the correct order of action.

  • Norepinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla
  • phosphorylation of enzymes and channels
  • G-coupled protein activates adenylate cyclase
    -cAMP stimulates kinases
  • ATP is converted to cAMP
  • Heart muscle increases in rate and force of contraction
  • Norepinephrine binds to a B-adrenergic receptor of a heart muscle cell
  • You forgot to take your exam
  • Metabolism of cell increases
A
  1. You forgot to take your exam
  2. Norepinephrine is released from the
    adrenal medulla
  3. Norepinephrine binds to a B-adrenergic
    receptor of a heart muscle cell
  4. G-coupled protein activates adenylate
    cyclase
  5. ATP is converted to cAMP
  6. cAMP stimulates kinases
  7. Phosphorylation of enzymes and channels
  8. Metabolism of cell increases
  9. Heart muscle increases in rate and force
    of contraction
39
Q

How many millimoles of Na+ ions are in ECF and ICF solutions?

A

ECF: 140
ICF: 12

40
Q

How many millimoles of K+ ions are in ECF and ICF solutions?

A

ECF: 3-5
ICF: 140-150

41
Q

How many millimoles of Ca2+ ions are in ECF and ICF solutions?

A

ECF: 1.0 millimoles per liter
ICF: 0.001 millimoles per liter

42
Q

How many millimoles of HCO3- ions are in ECF and ICF solutions?

A

ECF: 22 to 32 millimoles
ICF:10-12 milliequivalents per liter

Physiology lecture (19 decks)

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