Chapter 16 Flashcards
What is the temperature of blood?
100.4 degrees F or 38 degrees C
how does the temperature of blood contribute to thermoregulation?
It distributes heat throughout the body when you might be too hot or too cold
What is the pH of blood?
7.35- 7.45
What are the 3 formed elements of blood?
- Red blood cells
- White blood cells or leukocytes
- platelets or thrombocytes
Why are the 3 formed elements called “formed elements”?
because they are all formed in the bone marrow by the same stem cell
What contributes most to blood viscosity?
The amount of Blood cells and plasma proteins
Name the blood forming tissue from where all blood cells come from
Bone Marrow
What is the function of fibrinogen?
Helps with forming blood clots. Does this by converting to fibrin. Forms basic clot framework
What is the function of globulin?
They help transport metals, lipids, steroid-binding proteins, and hemoglobin. They also are antibodies that help with immunity
What is the function of albumin?
It helps transport stuff throughout the bloodstream, manages pH levels, thickens blood, and does colloid osmotic pressure ( attracts stuff into blood plasma)
Why do mature erythrocyte cells lack mitochondria? (red blood cells)
Because it protects oxygen from being used for energy production
How does having no mitochondria affect energy production in erythrocyte cells? (blood cells)
They are unable to get energy from the oxidative cycle via aerobic energy. So it relies on the breakdown of glucose and anaerobic energy.
What 2 hormones stimulate (activate) erythropoiesis?
- Erythropoietin
- thyroid hormones
What is the function of hemoglobin?
It carries oxygen in the red blood cell
Where is the location of hemoglobin?
In red blood cells
How much hemoglobin is there on red blood cells/ in the body?
270 million hemoglobin in ONE RED BLOOD CELL
Explain the structure of hemoglobin
Each hemoglobin molecule has 4 polypeptide chains
- Each polypeptide chain contains a single heme molecule
- Each heme molecule has one iron molecule
- and each iron molecule has one oxygen molecule
How much oxygen can one hemoglobin carry?
4 oxygen molecules
How are red blood cells disposed of in hemolysis? (5 steps)
- Red blood cells get tagged
- liver and spleen break down Red blood cells
- albumin transports the bilirubin (heme) through the bloodstream
- bilirubin is then excreted
- Bilirubin is converted to stercobilin and urobilin
What are the products when red blood cells are broken down during hemolysis? (3)
- Heme
- Amino acids
- Iron
What can be recycled during hemolysis? (2)
- Amino Acids
- Iron
What is considered waste during hemolysis?
HEME
Explain the process of bilirubin
When a red blood cells is broken down the heme is converted to biliverdin then to bilirubin. Then it is transported and excreted into bile.
Explain the process of bilirubin excretion
Once heme is converted to bilirubin albumin takes to through the body to be excreted into bile. It is excreted into stercobilin (poop) or urobilin (pee). If there is a build up in it then is causes jaundice
What happens in vascular phase of hemostasis (blood clotting)?
The vessel contracts to decrease the diameter of the vessel. And the endothelial cells release chemicals to speed up the repair process and help the membrane become sticky.
What 2 things happen during the vascular phase?
- Vascular spasm (where the vessel constricts to constrict blood flow)
- The endothelial plasma membrane becomes sticky (spread the adhesion proteins across it so they can get platelets to stick better)
What chemicals modulate (help out) the 2 things happening during the vascular phase?
The endothelins
What is platelet aggregation?
Where platelets that are already attached and trying to stop the bleeding release chemicals to attract and call over more platelets to get a better clot going.
What happens in platelet phase of hemostasis (blood clotting)?
Where platelets attach to sticky endothelial and create a platelet plug
What is the difference in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway during the coagulation phase
Intrinsic: It is the contact activation pathway that does it when collagen is exposed. does a cascade effect to activate factor X
Extrinsic: It is the cell injury pathway and is a more direct and shorter pathway the TF complex activated factor X no cascade effect needed
Where do the intrinsic and extrinsic start during the coagulation phase?
Intrinsic: when blood comes into contact with a damaged blood vessel wall, specifically with exposed collagen fibers
Extrinsic: The extrinsic pathway begins when there is injury to the endothelial tissue (i.e., skin tissue), exposing tissue factor (factor III) to the blood
What is the common pathway step by step in the coagulation phase? (start with factor X) (5)
- Begins when enzymes from either the intrinsic or extrinsic pathways activated Factor X
- Prothrombinase in formed by Factor X
- Prothrombinase converts prothrombin to thrombin
- Thrombin either goes back to intrinsic pathway as a positive feedback thing OR thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
- factor VII stabilizes the fibrin clot
What is the von willebrand factor?
helps platelets stick together and adhere to the walls of blood vessels at the site of a wound
What happens if the von willebrand factor is absent (gone)?
The platelets would not be able to stick together and stick to the walls of the blood vessels. Which would cause bleed to persist and it would be bad.
What is affected in hemophilia A and hemophilia B?
hemophilia A: It is a mutation of factor VII (8), X recessive gene link by mom
hemophilia B: It is a mutation of factor IX (9), X recessive gene link by mom
What is jaundice? (How does it happen?)
It is the excess of blood bilirubin in your blood that causes you to be yellow. The body is unable to excrete the bilirubin and causes the build up
Why does jaundice happen?
When there is too much bilirubin in the blood
Why might a patient might need intravenous albumin?
Because they cannot reabsorb stuff properly or they are losing liquid too fast and need a higher reabsorption rate. BURN VICTIMS NEED THIS
What is hypoalbuminemia?
Too low of levels of alumina in the blood
What charge does albumin carry to be a buffer?
It needs to be a negative charge
What happens in coagulation phase of hemostasis (blood clotting)?
It is a cascade reaction that ends in the conversion of fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin
What happens in clot retraction phase of hemostasis (blood clotting)?
Pulls the torn edges of vessels closer together to reduce bleeding
What happens in fibrinolysis phase of hemostasis (blood clotting)?
It dissolves the clot slowly and the plasmin digests the fibrin strands
