Chapter 17 & 18 Flashcards
What are ALL of the functions of the respiratory system? (8)
- gas exchange between blood and air (O2 and CO2)
- COmmunication (speech and other vocalizations
- Olfaction (smell)
- Acid-base balance (controls pH of body by exhaling CO2)
- Blood pressure regulation (secretes hormone angiotensin II)
- Blood platelet production
- Blood and lymph flow ( promote blood and lymph flow)
- Expulsion of abdominal contents (defecation, pooping)
What is the purpose of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Oxygen: It helps with energy production in the cells and metabolic function. Used for these things.
Carbon Dioxide: It helps regulate breathing, when there is too much CO2 then you breath out more to get rid of CO2 (pH levels)
How does the body use oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Oxygen: It uses oxygen for energy production and metabolic function
Carbon dioxide: It is a waste product and uses it to regulate breathing and pH
What is the function of ciliated epithelium in the respiratory system?
It gets mucus and dust and other particles that are heading toward the airway and they push it out and toward the throat for it to be swallowed and digested
How does the conducting zone prepare air to be received in the respiratory zone? (5 things)
- It moistens and warms the air
- filters and protects by trapping bacteria in the mucus
- it detects inhaled odors
- allows sounds to be produced
- has a turbulent airway which allows foreign particles to get in contact with mucus and allows time for ait to be warmed and moistened
What is the function of type I pneumocytes?
It does gas exchange
What is the function of type II pneumocytes?
It secretes the oily substance pulmonary surfactant which decreases the surface tension and prevent the alveoli to collapse
What is the function of dust cells?
They crawl around and kill pathogens that get past the ciliated epithelium and die in the mucus in the respiratory tract
What are the names of the respiratory muscles? (3)
- Diaphragm
- External intercostal muscles
- Internal intercostal muscles
What is the function of the 3 important respiratory muscles? And which are used during inhalation, exhalation, and forced exhalation?
- Diaphragm: Function- flattens and moves downward to expand chest. DURING INHALATION
- External intercostal muscles: Function- pulls ribs up and out. DURING INHALATION
- Internal intercostal muscles: Function- pulls ribs down and in compressing the lungs. DURING FORCED EXHALATION
What is intrapulmonary pressure?
Pressure inside the alveoli
What is intrapleural pressure?
Pressure in the pleural cavity in the lungs
How does intrapleural pressure change during inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation: Decreases
Exhalation: Increases
How does intrapulmonary pressure change during inhalation and exhalation?
Inhalation: Decreases, as air enters it increases
Exhalation: Increases, as air leaves it decreases
What is the difference between intrapleural, intrapulmonic, and atmospheric pressure?
intrapleural- Pressure in between the parietal and visceral pleura, is more negative (less) than atmospheric pressure always
intrapulmonic- pressure in the bronchial tree and alveoli, and fluctuates between high and low
atmospheric pressure- It is the pressure around us outside of our body(lower pressure, higher altitudes harder for us to breath)
Explain what boyle’s law is.
It is where gases in a closed space create pressure by colliding and hitting the walls in the closed space.
MORE COLLISIONS= GREATER PRESSURE
MOVES FROM HIGH PRESSURE TO LOW PRESSURE
How does boyle’s law relate to air movement in and out of the lungs?
It uses this law a lot in the alveoli’s in the respiratory system. The volume constantly changes in them so the pressure changes (HIGH VOLUME= LESS PRESSURE, LOW VOLUME= MORE PRESSURE). It also uses it by the gradient where high pressure moves to low pressure.
Air arriving to the lungs from the atmosphere is CO2/O2 high or low?
CO2 low
O2 high
Blood arriving from the pulmonary arteries (to the lungs) is CO2/O2 high or low?
CO2 high
O2 low
Blood arriving to tissues is CO2/O2 high or low?
CO2 low
O2 High
Blood leaving tissues is CO2/O2 high or low?
Co2 high
O2 low
Explain partial pressure of CO2 and O2
The partial pressure of CO2 and O2 move from a higher partial pressure to a lower partial pressure
Explain the three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood
- Plasma 7%
- Hemoglobin 23%
- RBC 70%
How is bicarbonate made? Why is it importance?
When CO2 is diffused in red blood cells and combines with water to form carbonic acid then it forms bicarbonate ions. It is important because it balances the pH levels in the blood.
What causes respiratory acidosis?
Decrease in exhaling (holding your breath) CO2 accumulates and forms more H+ ions (lowers pH more acidic)
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
Increase of inhalation (hyperventilating) and Co2 is rapidly exhaled and decreases H+ ions (higher pH)
How does the body compensate for respiratory acidosis?
Increases the rate of inhalation (Hyperventilating). Which raises pH
How does the body compensate for respiratory alkalosis?
Decreases the rate of exhalation. (holding your breath) Which lowers pH
If you are below the 760mmHg pressure in the lungs are you exhaling or inhaling? Example 758mmHg
YOU ARE INHALING
If you are above the 760mmHg pressure in the lungs are you exhaling or inhaling? Example 762mmHg
YOU ARE EXHALING
If the pH of the blood is too acidic how does the carbonic acid work as a buffer system to fix this?
carbonic acid attaches to hydrogen to make it less acidic
If the pH of the blood is too basic how does the carbonic acid work as a buffer system to fix this?
carbonic acid releases hydrogen to make it more acidic
What is the parietal pleura?
It lines the chest wall enclosing the walls
What is the visceral pleura?
It is the membrane on the surface of the lungs
What is the purpose of bicarbonate anhydrase?
It breaks down carbonic acid to form a bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ions
