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Physiology lecture > Chapter 24 > Flashcards

Chapter 24 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between innate and adaptive immunity?

A

Innate: the body’s first line of defense, providing a rapid, non-specific response to any foreign invader, no memory of previous invaders

Adaptive: slower, more targeted response that develops over time and specifically recognizes and remembers particular pathogens, allowing for a stronger response upon re-exposure to the same pathogen

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2
Q

Out of these cells, which ones are involved in innate or adaptive immunity?
* Neutrophils-
* Eosinophils-
* Basophils-
* Mast cells-
* B cells-
* T cells-
* NK cells-
* Monocytes-
* Macrophages-
* Dendritic cells-

A
  • Neutrophils- Innate
  • Eosinophils- Innate
  • Basophils- Innate
  • Mast cells- Innate
  • B cells- Adaptive
  • T cells- Adaptive
  • NK cells- Innate
  • Monocytes- Innate
  • Macrophages- Innate
  • Dendritic cells- Innate
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3
Q

Out of these cells, which ones are involved in resident or circulating or both?
* Neutrophils
* Eosinophils
* Basophils
* Mast cells
* B cells
* T cells
* NK cells
* Monocytes
* Macrophages
* Dendritic cells

A
  • Neutrophils- Circulating
  • Eosinophils- Circulating AND Resident
  • Basophils- Circulating
  • Mast cells- Resident
  • B cells- Circulating
  • T cells- Circulating
  • NK cells- Circulating
  • Monocytes- Circulating
  • Macrophages- resident
  • Dendritic cells- Resident
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4
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

It is dependent on B cells that make antibodies to fight pathogens found in the body fluids

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5
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

It is dependent on T cells that fight abnormal or weird cells and pathogens within a cell

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6
Q

What is the difference between humoral and cell mediated immunity?

A

Humoral: It is dependent on B cells that make antibodies to fight pathogens found in the body fluids

Mediated: It is dependent on T cells that fight abnormal or weird cells and pathogens within a cell

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7
Q

What cells are involved in humoral immunity?

A

B cells

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8
Q

What cells are involved in cell mediated immunity?

A

T cells

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9
Q

What are the roles of lymph nodes in the immune system?

A
  1. Filters and purifies circulating lymph
  2. removes 99% of antigens from lymph
  3. debris and pathogens are engulfed by macrophages
  4. Helps with immune response
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10
Q

What is the function of the neutrophil cell?

A

They are antibacterial phagocytes that fight against pathogens by forming pus

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11
Q

What is the function of the NK cell?

A

They patrol around the body and attack and kill abnormal cells in the body

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12
Q

What is the function of the macrophage cell?

A

They phagocytize (engulf) tissue debris, dead neutrophils, bacteria and foreign material. Basically the clean up crew and eat the bad stuff

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13
Q

What is the function of the dendritic cell?

A

They help bridge the gap between innate and adaptive immunity by presenting pathogens to T cells

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14
Q

Explain the process of natural killer (NK) mediated cell destruction (4)

A
  1. The NK cell recognizes and adheres to the other cell
  2. Realigns the golgi apparatus until it is pointing toward the attachment site of the other cell
  3. Secretes perforin into the cell
  4. The perforin goes into the target cell membrane and creates pores which then kills the cell
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15
Q

What types of cells do NK cells target and kill?

A

Any abnormal cell like Bacteria, Viral infected body cells, or cancer cells

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16
Q

What are the steps in the pathway of B cell activation and antibody secretion? (2)

A
  1. t HELPER CELLS ACTIVATE B CELLS
  2. B CELLS TURN INTO PLASMA CELLS AND SECRETE ANTIBODIES
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17
Q

What do physical barriers do during innate immunity?

A

They keep hazardous organisms and materials outside of the body (skin, hair, nails)

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18
Q

What do phagocytes do during innate immunity?

A

They are the first internal line of defense and engulf pathogens and debris

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19
Q

What do interferons do during innate immunity?

A

They are antiviral polypeptides that are produced by an infected cell. They attach to a non infected cell that triggers the production of the antiviral protein so then that cell will not get infected later on.

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20
Q

What does the complement system do during innate immunity?

A

They do phagocytosis by sending out complement proteins or antibodies that bind to the pathogen and make it targetable (put like a bullseye on it) and then they come and engulf it or destroy it

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21
Q

What does immunological surveillance (natural killer cells) do during innate immunity?

A

The NK cells recognize and kill abnormal cells on contact in peripheral tissues

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22
Q

What does a fever do during innate immunity?

A

It elevates your body temperature so that it can accelerate metabolism speed to speed up the defense processes

23
Q

What does inflammation do during innate immunity?

A

It limits the spread of an injury or infection by
1. Swelling (tumor)
2. Redness (rubor)
3. Heat (calor)
4. Pain (dolor)

24
Q

What are the 3 functions of the complement system proteins?

A
  1. Opsonization (phagocytosis)
  2. Promote lysis of target cells by the membrane attack complex
  3. Promotes local inflammation
25
Q

What chemical induces inflammation when released from the mast cells?

A

Histamine

26
Q

What type of chemical induces a fever?

A

Pyrogen

27
Q

What is the purpose of a fever during an infection?

A

To raise the body temp to increase the defense process speed through increasing the metabolism speed of the body

28
Q

Describe active immunity AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A

The body’s response when exposed to a foreign antigen

Example: getting a vaccine and being exposed to the pathogen, or getting a pathogen when pushing a shopping cart

29
Q

Describe passive immunity AND GIVE AN EXAMPLE

A

When you get sick by passing or transferring antibodies from another source, naturally or artificially

30
Q

Give an example of natural and artificial immunity in active immunity

A

Artificial: Polio Vaccination

Natural: Going to walmart and not wiping down the cart and getting the disease, make out session with brooke and getting mono

31
Q

Give an example of natural and artificial immunity in passive immunity

A

Artificial: Giving your dad the COVID 19 antibodies, chicken pox parties

Natural: IgA in the breast milk, Placenta crossover of antibodies

32
Q

How do T cells and B cells become active? How is that different from neutrophil, macrophages, or dendritic cells becoming active?

A

T cells and B cells become active through antigen presentation which is where APCs or an infected body cell goes to them with the antigen for them to respond.

It is different because neutrophil, macrophages, and dendritic cells are activated by different general danger signals to go do their job. They do not need a specific antigen.

33
Q

How do T cells interact with APC’s?

A

The APCs engulf the pathogen and process the antigen onto their surface (MHC II molecule). Then it goes and binds to the T cell which activates it and gets rid of it by doing its function.

34
Q

Explain what antigen presentation is

A

The APCs engulf the pathogen and process the antigen onto their surface (MHC II molecule). Then it goes and binds to the T cell which activates it and gets rid of it by doing its function.

OR

The body cell that is infected presents the antigen to the T cell and the T cell gets activated and kills them.

35
Q

Identify which cell surface marker each type of T cell (cytotoxic and Helper T cells) has and which class of MHC protein it interacts with:

Interacts with MHC I class presenting cells (normal body cell)
CD4 marker
CD8 marker

A

Cytotoxic: CD8 marker, Interacts with MHC I class presenting cells (normal body cell)

Helper: CD4 marker, Interacts with MHC II class presenting cells (APCs)

36
Q

What type of cells are expressed in the MHC proteins? (MHC I AND MHC II)

A

MHC I: ON NUCLEATED CELLS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

MHC II: ON ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS

37
Q

What is the function of CD8 cells when activated?

A

They produce large amounts of cytotoxic T cells and Memory T cells and produces a little bit of regulatory T cells

38
Q

What is the function of CD4 cells when activated?

A

Produces large numbers of helper T cells that secrete cytokines to stimulate an immune response

39
Q

What is the basic role of IgG?

A

Most effective antibody secreted immediately after a second exposure A LOT OF THEM WHEN YOU ARE FIGHTING OFF AN INFECTION

40
Q

What is the basic role of IgM?

A

It is an antigen receptor that Indicates the beginning of an infection.

41
Q

What is the basic role of IgA?

A

They are the antibodies that are in external secretions essentially Salivary antibodies

42
Q

What is the basic role of IgE?

A

They are antibodies for allergies and starts allergic responses

43
Q

What is the basic role of IgD?

A

B cell receptors that help with sensitization

44
Q

How do the immunoglobulins remove pathogens during neutralization?

A

It neutralizes the infected or toxic sites on the pathogen which helps them get into the cell and injure them

45
Q

What is opsonization?

A

Antibodies and complement proteins coat or mark a pathogen so that the phagocytes can go and kill the pathogen

46
Q

How are antibodies and complement proteins involved in opsonization?

A

They both coat a pathogen with a binding molecule which marks the pathogen so the phagocyte can go to it and bind to it easily and destroy it

47
Q

What is the difference between 1st and 2nd exposure to a pathogen?

A

1st: It is super slow and antibody activity does not peak until 1-2 weeks after the first exposure. B cells activate slowly. Plasma cells do not produce effectively

2nd: It is super fast and B cells are quickly there. IgG antibodies are exposed first and are sent out to kill it all fastly. Plasma cells do produce more effectively. Antibodies are more destructive.

48
Q

What antibodies are secreted and at what level (high or low amounts) in 1st and 2nd exposure to a pathogen?

A

1st: IgM are first to appear and have low amounts then IgG is high.

2nd: IgG are super high and first to be secreted

49
Q

What are the 3 potential APCs?

A
  1. Dendritic cells
  2. macrophages
    3.B cell
50
Q

How do the immunoglobulins remove pathogens during Precipitation and Agglutination?

A

Antibodies attach to them making them too big to be in the body so the body pees them out

51
Q

How do the immunoglobulins remove pathogens during Activation of the Compliment system?

A

Complement proteins bind to them and activate the system to destroy the antigen

52
Q

How do the immunoglobulins remove pathogens during Attraction of Phagocytes?

A

Antibodies cover the antigens and attract eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages to destory them

53
Q

How do the immunoglobulins remove pathogens during Stimulation of Inflammation?

A

They activate basophils and mast cells to kill them

54
Q

How do the immunoglobulins remove pathogens during Prevention of Bacterial and Viral Adhesion?

A

Antibodies dissolves in body fluids and saliva and stuff which coats the epithelia and adds a layer of protection

Physiology lecture (37 decks)

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