Chapter 10.1-10.2 Flashcards
What is the difference between tonic receptors and phasic receptor?
Tonic: SLOW ADAPTING, It is slow and maintains firing when stimulus is present, ALWAYS ACTIVE FOR A LONG TIME
Phasic: FAST ADAPTING, fires when it first receives the stimulus, stops firing when the stimulus is constant, normally INACTIVE
Are Lamellar Corpuscle tonic or phasic receptors?
Phasic receptor
What is the stimulus for nociceptors?
ANY TYPE OF PAIN
What is the stimulus for thermoreceptors?
Temperature (heat, cold, etc.)
What is the stimulus for Mechanoreceptors?
Respond to distortion of a plasma membrane (pressure, vibration, touch, and stretch of muscles/joints)
What is the stimulus for Chemoreceptor?
Can detect chemical changes in the body (intrinsic), and odor taste (extrinsic). Also respond to water-soluble and lipid-soluble substances that are dissolved in the body
What is the stimulus for photoreceptor?
They respond to light
What is proprioception?
the sense of your body’s position and movement in space, without relying on visual input
What is sensory acuity?
How well we can recognize the stimulus in the body (the most sensitivity). (the precision with which a stimulus is perceived)
what is a 2 point discrimination?
It is where two stimuli activate separate pathways to the brain and they are perceived separately.
What is the name of the modality of nociceptors?
They respond to pain (polymodal)
What is the purpose of the nocireceptor?
Nociceptors detect pain and potential tissue damage, triggering autonomic and emotional responses to protect the body
What is the pain pathway to the brain for the nocireceptor? (4 steps)
- Nociceptors detect pain and send signals through A-delta (fast pain) or C fibers (slow pain).
- Signals travel to the spinal cord and synapse with second-order neurons.
- Second-order neurons cross to the opposite side and ascend to the thalamus.
- From the thalamus, third-order neurons project to the somatosensory cortex for pain perception
What neurotransmitters are released for the pain pathway in the nocireceptor? (2)
- Substance P
- Glutamate
What is fast vs slow pain in the nocireceptor?
Fast: have A-delta fibers, small myelinated fibers, does sharp pricking sensations localized and respond immediate after getting the stimulus
Slow: Have C fibers, non-myelinated fibers, is a dull aching pain, not really localized.
How do inhibitory interneurons contribute to high pain tolerance/low pain tolerance in the nocireceptor?
High Pain: When alternate sensory input connects to the C fiber pathway it weakens the pain perception (turns on the inhibitory interneuron and blocks the amount of pain sensed). (super effective)
Low Pain: When the C fiber is alone and not attached to anything and there it pain then the inhibitory interneuron is turned off and have low pain tolerance (less effective)
How do neurotransmitters contribute to high/low pain tolerance?
High Pain: If you release low amounts of substance P and glutamate then you will have higher pain tolerance
Low pain: If you release A LOT of substance P and glutamate then you have low pain tolerance
What is referred pain?
Where you have pain in the internal organs (visceral organs) and you feel pain somewhere on the body surface (skin). (visceral and somatic pain converges on a single ascending tract).
Give some examples of referred pain
You have heart pain or heart attack but you feel it in the left shoulder and the left upper arm.
You have kidney pain and you have pain on your skin in the lower abdominal area.
You have pain in your esophagus you have pain in your chest and shoulder area on the skin.
When you have pain in the stomach you have pain in the skin right above the stomach.
What are some examples of tonic and phasic receptors?
Tonic: joint capsule receptor (detects changes in joints), going into the hottub and getting use to it
Phasic: Root hair plexus (detects movement of body hair), feeling pain after an injury
Is the root hair plexus tonic or phasic receptors?
Phasic
Are muscle spindles tonic or phasic receptors?
Tonic
Is the joint capsule receptor tonic or phasic receptors?
Tonic
Are the olfactory receptors tonic or phasic receptors?
phasic
Are the nociceptors tonic or phasic receptors?
tonic
Are thermoreceptors tonic or phasic receptors?
Phasic
What is the stimulus for barorreceptors?
Respond to pressure changes
What is the stimulus for tactile receptors?
respond to touch, vibration, and pressure
What is the stimulus for proprioceptors?
Respond to stretch of muscles and joints
Where in the body do we have the most sensory acuity?
Lips, finger tips, thumb, big toe, palm
Where in the body do we have the least sensory acuity?
calf, back, upper arm, thigh, shoulder, etc.
How does a 2 point discrimination contribute to sensory acuity?
Higher the number of sensory receptors in a region, the more sensory acuity the part of the body will have. Lower the number of sensory receptors lower sensory acuity.
How do neuromodulators contribute to high/low pain tolerance?
High pain: Higher levels of endorphins and enkephalins that are present inhibit the pain pathway. And you get higher pain tolerance
Low Pain: Lower levels of endorphins and enkephalins do not effect the pain pathway as much and you get lower pain tolerance
How do alternate sensation input effect high pain tolerance/ low pain tolerance?
High Pain: More levels of sensory inputs mean more pain tolerance.
Low Pain: Less levels of sensory inputs mean less pain tolerance
