Chapter 7 Flashcards
What is permissiveness in hormone interactions?
It is where one hormone cannot fully exert its effects unless a second hormone is present. (needs help from a second hormone to do its job)
Name 2 hormones that manage stress
- Cortisol
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
What is gluconeogenesis?
It is the producing of glucose (sugar) from its own breakdown products or from the breakdown products of lipids (fats) or proteins
What happens to your body when you are stressed for short or little amount of time? (in regards to fat)
Your body goes through lipolysis and you lose fat
What happens to your body when you are stressed for long periods amount of time? (in regards to fat)
You store more fat and you gain more fat in you body
Name 4 hormones that promote growth and development
- Growth Hormone (GH
- Thyroid hormones ( T4 & T3)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- luetenizing hormone
Name 4 hormones that increase blood glucose levels
- Cortisol
- Glucagon
- Epinephrine
- Growth hormone
Name 4 hormones that increase blood pressure, and how does it happen in each of these hormones?
- Antidiuretic (ADH or vasopressin)- Increases blood pressure because of water reabsorption in the kidneys
- Thyroid hormones (T4 & T3)- It increases your blood pressure by Helping you be more sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine (the flight of flight hormones)
- Catecholamines (epinepthrine and norepinphrine)- By doing vasoconstriction (contracting the smooth muscles in blood vessels)
- Aldosterone- It increases blood pressure by increasing reabsorption of Na+ in the kidney (so the water stays in the kidney), increases desire for salty foods
If thyroid hormones are high will the TSH and the TRH be high or low in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and endocrine organ cascade?
TRH and TSH will low because of the negative feedback loop (already have good thyroid hormone levels sot they do not need TSH and TRH to be active and make more)
If the thyroid hormones are low will the TSH and TRH be high or low in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and endocrine organ cascade?
TRH and TSH will increase because of the negative feedback loop (trying to get the thyroid levels up)
What type of cells secrete thyroid hormones (T3 & T4) in the thyroid gland?
Follicular cells
What cells in the thyroid gland secrete calcitonin for calcium regulation?
Parafollicular cells
What is required to synthesize thyroxine hormones?
Iodine
What are the energy effects of the thyroid hormones (T3/T4)?
- helps with red blood cell formation
- maintains sensitivity to oxygen and CO2
- helps with oxygen consumption
- utilizes glucose effectively
- helps with metabolizing fats, carbs, and protein
What are the growth effects of the thyroid hormones (T3/T4)?
- It allows GH to exert its full effects
- bone growth in children
- neural development
- promotes secretion of growth hormone
- heat production, especially in children
What are the ANS effects of the thyroid hormones (T3/T4)?
- increases heart heart and blood pressure by contractions
- Increases sensitivity to sympathetic stimulation
How do children regulate their heat so well?
By the thyroid hormones
Why are the functions of the thyroid hormones required for most cells?
It increases their functions, metabolism, and essentially controls how much energy the cells can make (metabolism)
How does hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism effects the body and its cells?
Hypothyroidism- it affects your body by slowing everything down (metabolism) and making you more weak constant fatigue because your cells aren’t functioning properly, feeling cold etc.
Hyperthyroidism- It affects your body by increasing everything (metabolism), So it increases heart rate which can lead to heart diseases, causes osteoporosis by speeding up bone remodeling instead of reabsorbing calcium
Why is cortisol considered the stress hormone
Because it is released when your body is in a stressful situation
what actions does cortisol do in regards to calcium?
It blocks the intestines from absorbing calcium and it increases the excretion of calcium from the kidney
What does cortisol do (actions) in high stressful situation?
- Increases glucose levels
- decreases inflammation
- Prevents hypoglycemia
- Makes you more susceptible to illness
What does cortisol do (actions) in non stressful situations?
- it is permissive to glucagon and catecholamines (helps them do their full potential)
- cortisol balances out your glucose levels by going against insulin
What is the difference between calcitonin and parathyroid hormones in calcium regulation?
Calcitonin- Responds to hypercalcemia in the blood (high calcium levels in the blood), Which slows down osteoclasts which reduces the rate of calcium being released, has the kidney excrete calcium, and prevents the intestines from absorbing calcium
Parathyroid hormones- Responds to hypocalcemia in the blood (low calcium levels), Which increases osteoclasts and increases calcium storage in bones, and increases the absorption of calcium in the intestines,
What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?
Type 1- It is insulin dependent, the pancreas cannot produce insulin, an autoimmune disorder, not that genetic, have to inject insulin, often develops during childhood, need of insulin pump
Type 2- It is very genetic, the pancreas produces insulin but the cells cannot respond to the insulin properly (GLUT 4 receptors), so it is insulin resistant, most common, associated with obesity
What is the big difference between insulin and glucagon?
Insulin- Decreases blood glucose levels
Glucagon- Increases blood glucose levels
What are the target cells that Insulin and Glucagon target?
Insulin- Most cells in their membranes (EXCEPT neurons and kidneys)
Glucagon- Liver, adipose tissues
What is the difference between body cell response when Insulin or glucagon bind to the cells?
Insulin- Helps with glucose uptake in the cells by increasing transport proteins, enhances ATP production, helps with glycogen formation so glucose can be stored, helps with amino acid absorption and protein synthesis, helps with absorption of glucose in adipose tissue which makes more triglycerides
Glucagon- Helps with breakdown of glycogen in skeletal muscles and liver cells, helps breakdown triglycerides, helps with production of glucose in the liver
What is the difference in liver response when Insulin or glucagon is involved?
Insulin- Helps the liver take more glucose to form it into glycogen to be stored
Glucagon- It turns the stored glycogen back into glucose and releases out to the bloodstream
what is the difference in adipocyte response between insulin and glucagon?
Insulin- by helping glucose uptake and makes more triglyceride, and it stops the breaking down of triglycerides and forms them
Glucagon- It helps breakdown of triglycerides to use for glucose,
What are the differences between acromegaly and gigantism?
Acromegaly- overgrowth in hands, feed, jaw is chickened, skin tags, starts when you are older
Gigantism- Continued growth of long bones and results in long limbs and tall stature, starts at young age
What are the similarities between Acromegaly and gigantism?
Growth Hormone needs to be reduced in the person. Caused by hypersecretion of the growth hormone, coarse body hair
Which of these hormones are lipophobic and require a membrane receptor, and which hormones are lipophilic and DO NOT require a membrane receptor?
Amino acid derivatives
Peptide hormones
Eicosanoids
Steroid hormones
Amino acid derivatives- Lipophobic NEEDS A MEMBRANE RECEPTOR
Peptide hormones- Lipophobic NEEDS A MEMBRANE RECEPTOR
Eicosanoids- Lipophilic NO MEMBRANE RECEPTOR
Steroid hormones- Lipophilic NO MEMBRANE RECEPTOR
What are some examples of Peptide hormones?
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- LH
- FSH
- all hormones of the hypothalamus,
- pancreas hormones
- posterior pituitary gland hormones
What are some examples of amino acid derivatives?
- catecholamines ( epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, melatonin)
What are some examples of Eicosanoids?
- Prostaglandins
- Leukotrienes
- Thromboxane
- prostacyclin
What are some examples of steroid hormones?
- androgens
- estrogen
- progestins
- corticosteroids
- calcitriol
- secreted by reproductive glands, adrenal glands, and kidneys
What do Prostaglandins help with?
vasoconstriction of the blood vessels and blood vessel stuff
Describe a steroid hormone
- They are secreted by reproductive glands, adrenal glands, and kidneys
- Synthesized by cholesterol
What are the differences between steroid hormones, amino derived hormones/peptide hormones
Steroid hormones- DO NOT require membrane receptors to get into the cell (lipophilic)
amino derived hormones/peptide hormones- Require membrane receptors to get into the cell (lipophobic)
What is the difference between an IH hormone and an RH hormone from the hypothalamus?
IH- It prevents synthesis and secretion of hormones from the anterior lobe (stops hormones from going to the target receptor)
RH- It helps secrete and synthesis of one or more hormones in the anterior lobe (Helps hormones be released and go to their target hormone)
What is the role of the hypothalamus in the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland?
Anterior- sends neurohormones to the anterior pituitary gland to activate it so it can send out the different hormones from there
Posterior- The hypothalamus sends ADH and Oxytocin to the posterior pituitary gland and it releases those two hormones from there
What two hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?
ADH and Oxytocin
What is the difference between the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland?
Anterior pituitary gland- It makes 6 hormones and releases them to turn on endocrine glands or supports other organs WHEN THE HYPOTHALAMUS TELLS IT TO BY SENDING NEUROHORMONES TO IT
Posterior pituitary gland- It DOES NOT MAKE ANY HORMONES it gets 2 hormones from the hypothalamus (ADH and oxytocin) and sends them out when needed
What is the other name for anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland?
anterior pituitary gland = Adenohypophysis
posterior pituitary gland = Neurohypophysis
What is the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and endocrine gland cascade?
- The hypothalamus releases RH hormones to the anterior pituitary gland
- The anterior pituitary gland releases the hormone (#1) to the endocrine target organ
- The endocrine target organ responds to the hormone received by the anterior pituitary gland and makes its own hormone (#2)
- When hormone #2 is secreted from the endocrine target organ it send it to the target cells it also drives a negative feedback response which inhibits secretion of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary hormone
What would happen in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and endocrine gland cascade if the hypothalamus was damaged?
The RH hormone would not be released and the cascade would not be able to even start and go to the target organ
What would happen in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and endocrine gland cascade if the anterior pituitary gland was damaged?
Hormone #1 would not be able to be released to the endocrine target organ and it wouldn’t be able to carry out its function. There would be an increase in the RH hormone and that would keep secreting
What would happen in the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary gland, and endocrine gland cascade if the Endocrine gland was damaged?
Hormone #2 would not be able to be released to the target cell and it would not be able to inhibit the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland from releasing their hormones. So they would continue to release those hormones and wouldn’t be able to stop them.
What is the basic function of Luteinizing hormone in Males and Females?
Males- It secretes testosterone in males
Females- It is the ovulation hormone for females
What is the basic function of the Follicle stimulating hormone in Males and Females?
Male- Sperm production and maturation
Female- Secretes estrogen and growth of ovarian follicles
What is the basic function of the prolactin hormone?
Stimulate mammary gland development and milk production
What is the basic function of oxytocin?
Helps with smooth muscle contractions in the uterus for labor contractions
Helps with milk release
Helps sperm transport
helps with prostate gland secretions
Why is ADH (vasopressin) so important? WHy do we need it?
We need it to reabsorb water in the kidneys so we don’t have to drink water constantly
What are the stimulus for oxytocin (the cause)?
- Giving birth
- infant suckling the breasts
- Sexual arousal in males
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for ADH (vasopressin) and the source?
Stimulus- Low blood pressure or low blood volume, Increase in angiotensin I
Source- Posterior pituitary gland
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for GH and the source?
Stimulus- Low levels of GH in the blood, Increase in GH-RH hormone from the hypothalamus
Increase of GH-IH hormone from the hypothalamus due to too high levels of GH in the blood
Source- Anterior pituitary gland
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for TSH and the source?
Stimulus- Increase in TRH hormone from the hypothalamus, low levels of thyroid hormones
Source- Anterior pituitary gland
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for ACTH and the source?
Stimulus- INcrease in CRH from the hypothalamus in response to stress related stimuli
Source- Anterior pituitary gland
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for T3/T4 and the source?
Stimulus- Increase in TSH
Source- Thyroid gland
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for Calcitriol and the source?
Stimulus- Parathyroid hormone being released
Source- Kidneys
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for Parathyroid Hormone and the source?
Stimulus- Decreased calcium levels in the bloodstream (Hypocalcemia)
Source- Parathyroid glands
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for Cortisol and the source?
Stimulus- Increase in ACTH, Stress, Circadian rhythms
Source- Adrenal cortex
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for Aldosterone and the source?
Stimulus- Low blood pressure and low blood volume, low oxygen, increase in Angiotensin, Low Na+, increase in K+
Source- Adrenal cortex
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for Androgens and the source?
Stimulus- Increase in ACTH
Source- Adrenal cortex
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for Catecholamines and the source?
Stimulus- Adrenal medulla
Source- Sympathetic stimulation
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for insulin and the source?
Stimulus- High blood glucose levels
Source- Pancreas beta cells
What is the stimulus (the cause for secretion) for glucagon and the source?
Stimulus- Low blood glucose levels
Source- Pancreas alpha cells
What are the target organ/cells for ADH (vasopressin)?
Kidneys
What are the target organ/cells for GH?
ALL CELLS (skeletal muscle cells, bone cells, and cartilage cells)
What are the target organ/cells for TSH?
Thyroid gland
What are the target organ/cells for ACTH?
Adrenal cortex
What are the target organ/cells for T3/T4?
MOST CELLS (brain, heart, muscles, liver, kidneys, and adipose tissue ETC.)
What are the target organ/cells for Calcitrol?
Bone, Kidneys, Small intestines
What are the target organ/cells for Parathyroid Hormones?
Bone, Kidneys, Small intestines
What are the target organ/cells for Cortisol?
MOST CELLS (liver, muscle, adipose tissue, and pancreas)
What are the target organ/cells for Aldosterone?
Kidney
What are the target organ/cells for Androgens?
MOST CELLS (prostate gland, testes, seminal vesicles, muscle tissue, hair follicles, skin, brain, and bone)
What are the target organ/cells for Catecholamines?
MOST CELLS (heart, blood vessels, liver, lungs, and smooth muscle tissues, alpha and beta receptors)
What are the target organ/cells for Insulin?
Most cells (the liver, the skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, Heart, GLUT 4, Etc.)
What are the target organ/cells for Glucagon?
Liver, Adipose tissue
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of ADH (vasopressin)?
Over secretion- You reabsorb too much water and blood volume and pressure becomes too high and you get too low of sodium levels (hyponatremia)
Under secretion- You lose too much water in the body and and you can be dehydrated and have too high of sodium levels (hypernatremia)
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of GH?
Over secretion- You will grow too much and get the diseases gigantism or acromegaly
Under secretion- You will develop dwarfism and not be able to grow tissue, bone, or muscle
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of TSH?
Over secretion- It will cause hyperthyroidism which will causeWeight loss
Heat intolerance
Diarrhea
Fine tremor
Muscle weakness
Palpitations (heart racing)
Anxiety
Under secretion- It will cause Hypothyroidism which causes Bradycardia (slow heart rate)
Cold intolerance
Constipation
Fatigue
Weight gain
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of ACTH?
Over secretion- Cushing’s disease ( hyperglycemia, fat face and abdomen, osteoporosis etc.)
Under secretion- Addison’s disease ( Hypoglycemia, posture change, weakness, weight loss)
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of T3/T4?
Over secretion- Hyperthyroidism
Under secretion- Hypothyroidism
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of Calcitriol?
Over secretion-too much calcium binding proteins in the intestines
Under secretion- too little of calcium binding proteins in the intestines
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of Parathyroid hormones?
Over secretion- HYPERCALCEMIA TOO much calcium in the blood, osteoclasts release too much calcium in the bones, Kidney retains too much calcium, Intestines absorb too much calcium
Under secretion- HYPOCALCEMIA, Osteoclasts DO NOT release enough calcium, Kidneys excrete too much calcium, Small intestine DO NOT absorb a lot of calcium
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of Cortisol?
Over secretion- Cushing’s disease, (fat stored and causes weight gain)
Under secretion- Addison’s disease (weight loss)
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of Aldosterone?
Over secretion- Reabsorb too much NA+ in the kidney, and loose too much K+, high blood pressure, low potassium levels, and too much fluid retention
Under secretion- low blood pressure (hypotension), excessive potassium levels in the blood (hyperkalemia), low Na+ in the blood
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of Androgens?
Over secretion- Too much pubic hair growth before puberty, Too much sex drive in females (higher libido), More muscles in females and blood cell formation
Under secretion- No pubic hair in males and females before puberty, Low sex drive in females, low muscle mass and blood cell formation in females
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of Catecholamines?
Over secretion-rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, sweating, anxiety, tremors, and headaches, TOO much ATP being produced
Under secretion- low energy, low blood pressure, and a decreased ability to respond to stressful situations, LOW HEART RATE, LOW ATP PRODUCTION
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of Insulin?
Over secretion- Low levels of glucose, accelerates glucose production, Storing glucose too fast, forms triglycerides too fast in adipose tissue, turns glucose into glycogen too fast
Under secretion- High levels of glucose in the blood, Breaks down triglycerides too fast, produces glucose and releases it to the blood way too fast (gluconeogenesis)
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of Glucagon?
Over secretion- Too high of blood glucose levels, Breaks down glycogen too fast and triglycerides, and does gluconeogenesis way too fast
Under secretion- Low blood glucose levels, Doesn’t break down glycogen or triglycerides, stores too much glycogen
What is the stimulus and source of calcitonin?
Stimulus- Increased calcium levels in the bloodstream (hypercalcemia)
Source- Thyroid gland
What are the target organs, cells for the hormone calcitonin?
Bone, Kidneys, Small intestines
What would happen if there was over secretion or under secretion of Calcitonin?
Over secretion- Hypocalcemia, it will excrete too much calcium from the kidney, and it will not let the small intestines absorb any calcium
Under secretion- Increase in calcium levels (hypercalcemia), Lets osteoclasts store calcium in the bone, lets the kidney keep in the calcium, and lets the small intestine absorb calcium in the small intestines
What is the result (function) of Calcitonin?
- Decrease calcium by slowing the rate of calcium release by osteoclasts
- stimulates the kidney excretion of calcium
- Prevents absorption of calcium in the small intestines
What is the result (function) of Parathyroid hormones?
- Increases calcium by stimulating the release of calcium by osteoclasts in the bone
- Stimulates calcium retention in the kidney
- Allows the small intestine to absorb calcium
What is the result (function) of Calcitriol
makes more of calcium binding proteins in the intestines so they can absorb more
What is the result (function) of ADH (vasopressin)?
Reabsorbs water and increases blood volume and pressure
What is the result (function) of GH?
Helps with metabolism, growth of cells, catabolism, lipid mobilization, and protein synthesis
What is the result (function) of TSH?
Secretes thyroid hormones T3 and T4
What is the result (function) of ACTH?
Promotes secretion of glucocorticoids (cortisol, corticosterone, cortisone)
What is the result (function) of Cortisol?
- Increases glucose and glycogen formation in the liver
- does anti-inflammatory effects
- release of lipids from adipose tissue
- releases amino acids from skeletal muscles
What is the result (function) of Aldosterone?
- Increases blood pressure and volume by increasing reabsorption of Na+ in the kidney
- accelerates urinary loss of K+
What is the result (function) of Androgens?
- Grows pubic hair in males and females before puberty
- sex drive in females
- promotes muscle mass in females and blood cell formation
What is the result (function) of Catecholamines?
- Accelerates breakdown of glucose then sends it to the neural tissue
- breaks down fatty acids to make ATP
- Makes the heart beat faster
- increases blood glucose levels
What is the result (function) of insulin?
- Accelerates glucose uptake in cells
- utilizes glucose well and makes ATP
- Makes glycogen
- makes triglycerides
What is the result (function) of Glucagon?
- breaks down glycogen and triglycerides
- stimulates production of glucose in the liver
What is the basic function of leptin? (EXTRA CREDIT)
It makes you full (satiety) and suppresses your appetite
What is the basic function of erythropoietin? (EXTRA CREDIT)
It forms red blood cells and does vasoconstriction
What is the basic function of Thymosin? (EXTRA CREDIT)
It makes and matures T cells and it regulates the immune system response
What is the basic function of FSH? (EXTRA CREDIT)
Secretes estrogen (to release eggs)
does perm production and maturation
growth of ovarian follicles
What is the basic function of melatonin? (EXTRA CREDIT)
- It changes the sleeping cycles (works better on adults than kids)
- It inhibits early sexual maturation in children
What is the function of natriuretic peptides? (EXTRA CREDIT)
It decreases the blood volume and pressure by
- increasing excretion of Na+ from the kidney (it pees out sodium and the water goes with it)
- suppresses aldosterone
- it is antagonistic to aldosterone
What is the other word for the ADH hormone? (EXTRA CREDIT)
VASOPRESSIN
What would happen if there was no leptin? (EXTRA CREDIT)
- excessive hunger
- weight gain and obesity
What would happen if there was no erythropoietin? (EXTRA CREDIT)
- lack of blood cells being produced
- You would have lower red blood cells and have anemia
What would happen if there was no Thymosin? (EXTRA CREDIT)
- You would have a weakened immune system do to the fact that there would be not enough T cells in the body
What would happen if there was no melatonin? (EXTRA CREDIT)
- We would have sleeping disorders (disruption during sleep)
- Children would mature faster
What would happen if there was no FSH? (EXTRA CREDIT)
- Fertility issues in men and women (lack of sperm production and lack or egg production)
- poor ovarian and testicular work
What would happen if there was no natriuretic peptides? (EXTRA CREDIT)
- You would have excessive amount of sodium in the body (and water)
- could cause hypertension
- You would be thirsty all the time
Determine if these hormones when together are permissive, synergists, or antagonists
Aldosterone & Natriuretic peptides
Parathyroid hormone & calcitonin
Parathyroid hormone & Calcitriol
Insulin & Glucagon
Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) & Growth hormone
Cortisol & Glucagon
Thyroid hormone & Epinephrine
ADH & Aldosterone
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
Epinephrine & Glucagon
Aldosterone & Natriuretic peptides- ANTAGONISTIC
Parathyroid hormone & calcitonin- ANTAGONISTS
Parathyroid hormone & Calcitriol- SYNERGISTS
Insulin & Glucagon- ANTAGONISTS
Thyroid hormones (T3/T4) & Growth hormone- PERMISSIVE
Cortisol & Glucagon- PERMISSIVE
Thyroid hormone & Epinephrine- PERMISSIVE
ADH & Aldosterone- SYNERGISTS
Epinephrine & Norepinephrine- SYNERGISTS
Epinephrine & Glucagon- SYNERGISTS
Determine if these hormones increase or decrease blood glucose levels
Insulin
Glucagon
Cortisol
Growth hormone
Somatostatin (GHIH)
Insulin- Decreases
Glucagon- Increases
Cortisol- Increases
Growth hormone- Increases
Somatostatin (GHIH)- Decreases
