Chapter 9 Flashcards
What is the function of the dorsal root?
They carry sensor/afferent neurons from receptors to the spinal cord (afferent)
What is the function of the dorsal root ganglia?
It transmits sensory info from the PNS to the CNS
What is the function of the Ventral root?
They carry motor/efferent neurons away from the spinal cord to an effector (efferent)
What is the function of the Dorsal gray horn?
cell bodies of interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input (afferent)
What is the function of the Ventral gray horn?
Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons that the axons exit the ventral root to the skeletal muscles for motor output (efferent)
What is the function of the Sensory neuron?
to detect stimuli from the environment and send that information to the brain for processing
Where is the cell body, dendrites, and axons located in a sensory neuron?
Dendrites: In the nocireceptors (example in the hand getting the information)
Cell body: In the dorsal root ganglion OUTSIDE OF THE SPINAL CORD
Axons: DORSAL ROOT Then the axon goes to the interneurons in the spinal cord (DORSAL HORN)
Where is the cell body, dendrites, and axons located in a Interneuron?
Cell bodies: in ALL dorsal horns
Dendrites: dorsal horns
Axons: dorsal horns but extends to ventral horns to connect to the motor neuronss
Where is the cell body, dendrites, and axons located in a Motor neuron?
Cell body: In the gray matter of the spinal cords ventral horn
Dendrites: near the cell body in the gray matter
Axons: Goes out of the ventral horn to its effector (ventral root)
What is the function of the Afferent path?
To carry sensory information toward the brain (sensory input)
What is the function of the Efferent path?
To carry motor commands to the spinal cord (motor output)
What is the function of the ascending tract?
To carry sensory information toward the brain (sensory input) FROM SENSORY RECEPTORS TO THE BRAIN
What is the function of the descending tract?
To carry motor commands to the spinal cord (motor output) FROM THE BRAIN TO EFFERENT MUSCLES
Label the ascending and descending tracts and which pathway (afferent or efferent) belongs to it. in Pic #1.
Blue line: Ascending tract (Afferent)
Red line: Descending tract (efferent)
Label these on pic #2
* Dorsal root
* Dorsal root ganglia
* Ventral root
* Dorsal gray horn
* Ventral gray horn
* Sensory neuron
- Motor neuron
- White matter
- gray matter
- Dorsal root (#8)
- Dorsal root ganglia (#9)
- Ventral root (#5)
- Dorsal gray horn (#6)
- Ventral gray horn (#4)
- Sensory neuron (#10)
- Motor neuron (#2)
- White matter (#3)
- gray matter (#1)
List the start and finish of each neuron in an ascending tract.
1st order neurons
2nd order neurons
3rd order neurons
1st order neurons- STARTS: Dendrites (nociceptors), ENDS: Dorsal horn
2nd order neurons- STARTS: Spinal cord, ENDS: thalamus
3rd order neurons- STARTS:thalamus, ENDS: cerebral cortex
List the start and finish of each neuron in an descending tract.
Upper motor neuron
Lower motor neuron
Upper motor neuron- starts in the cerebral cortex or brainstem and ends on a lower motor neuron which then leads to the muscle
Lower motor neuron- in the ventral horn/spine that leads the motor neuron to the target effector
Now put the following process of sensory neurons in order. (which one is a 1st, 2nd, or 3rd neuron)
- The left side of my brain received the information of pain
- The thalamus sent it to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe
- I got bit by a spider on my right hand and it hurt
The left side of my brain received the information of pain (3rd order neuron)
The thalamus sent it to the somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe (2nd order neuron)
I got bit by a spider on my right hand and it hurt (1st order neuron)
What are the 7 different names for the ascending tract?
- Spinothalamic
- Dorsal Column
- Spinocerebellar
- Cuneocerebellar
- Spinotectal
- Spinoreticular
- Spino-olivary
What are the 5 different names for the descending tract?
- Corticospinal
- Reticulospinal
- Rubrospinal
- Vestibulospinal
- Tectospinal
What are the 5 steps in a reflex arc in order? (what parts are involved)
- Arrival of stimulus and activation of receptor- Sensory receptor
- Activation of sensory neuron- Afferent neuron
- Information processing in the CNS- Integration center
- Activation of a motor neuron- Efferent neuron
- Response by a peripheral effector- effector organ
what is the difference between monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes?
Monosynaptic- has 2 neurons, 1 synapse, and NO interneurons, efffects one part of the body
Polysynaptic- Has MORE than 2 neurons, and requires interneurons, effects multiple parts of the body
What are some examples of monosynaptic and polysynaptic reflexes?
monosynaptic- Stretch reflex (patellar reflex)
polysynaptic - Withdrawal reflex (when you touch something hot and pull yourself away from it), Crossed extensor reflex (when you step on something sharp and extend away from it)
When is an interneuron necessary in regards to reflexes?
When it is a polysynaptic reflex, when multiple synapses are involved and need to connected multiple sensory and motor neurons
Describe dura mater in the spinal cord and where is it located?
It is a tough outer single membrane NOT connected to the vertebral bodies
Location: outer layer of the spinal cord
Describe the Arachnoid mater and where it is located in the spinal cord?
It is the middle layer that consists of an arachnoid membrane and arachnoid trabeculae
Location: middle layer between the pia mater and dura mater
Describe the Pia mater and where it is located in the spinal cord?
It is the innermost membrane connected to the spinal cord
Where is the location of the epidural space in the spinal cord? And what makes it different from the subarachnoid space?
Location: It is between the vertebral body and dura mater
It contains adipose tissue NOT cerebral spinal fluid
Where is the location of the subarachnoid space in the spinal cord? And what makes it different from the epidural space?
Location: It is between the arachnoid membrane and the Pia mater.
It contains cerebrospinal fluid
What space in the spinal cord does the epidural and lumbar puncture (spinal tap) go into? (hint they are different spaces)
Epidural: Epidural space
Lumbar puncture (spinal tap): Subarachnoid space
Describe dura mater in the skull and where is it located?
Location: the outermost layer NOT CONNECTED TO THE SKULL
It is a double layer membrane that has NO EPIDURAL SPACE
Is there an epidural space in the brain?
NO THERE IS NOT
What is the sagittal sinus in the brain? Where is it located?
It is between the 2 layers of the dura mater and drains blood and CSF
Describe arachnoid mater in the skull and where is it located?
Location: in between the pia mater and the dura mater
It contains the arachnoid membrane and arachnoid trabeculae and has CSF to cushion the brain
What is the subarachnoid space in the brain? And where is it located?
It is located between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater
It consists of CSF
What are arachnoid granulations in the brain?
They absorb old CSF
What happens if arachnoid granulations are blocked?
it can cause hydrocephalus
Describe pia mater in the skull and where is it located?
Location: directly on the cerebral cortex
it is a thin innermost membrane
Where is CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) made?
It is produced by the CHOROID PLEXUS in the roof of each ventricle within the brain.
How is CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) made?
It is produced by the choroid plexus
How is CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) recycled?
It is recycled by arachnoid granulations. It absorbs the CSF and puts it back into the blood
How often is CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) recycled?
It is secreted and recycled 3 TIMES PER DAY
what does the subarachnoid space have to do with producing CSF?
Once the CSF is produced by the choroid plexus it goes ot eh subarachnoid space which releases it and allows the CSF to flow over the brain and spinal cord
What the 4 functions of CSF (cerebrospinal fluid)?
- transports nutrients, chemicals, and wastes
- cushions and protects neural tissue
- allows buoyancy of the brain to resist gravity
- protects against compression of nerves and blood vessels
Why are corticospinal pyramids super important in the medulla?
It is where the crossover of axons happens. This is where the right side of the brain controls the left side of the body. And the left of the brain controls the right side of the body
What does the cardiovascular center control in the medulla?
It controls blood vessel diameter and heart rate/force of contraction
What does the respiratory center control (respiratory rhythmicity center) in the medulla?
Works with the poons to set respiratory movement
What is the pneumotaxic center and apneustic center function in the pons?
They adjust respiratory rhythms set by the medulla
What is the function of the superior and inferior corpora quadrigemina in the midbrain?
Superior corpora quadrigemina: Visual association and tracking of objects AND Reflexes in response to visual stimuli
Inferior corpora quadrigemina: Sends auditory info to the thalamus AND does startle reflex (reflexes in response to auditory stimuli)
Describe the RAS (reticular Activating System) in the midbrain
It analyses what incoming information is the most relevant and important for survival. It only lets THE MOST important stimuli through and BLOCKS ALL the irrelevant information.
From where does the cerebellum receive sensory input? (4 places)
Somatic receptors in the joints, tendons, muscles, and the inner ear
From where does the cerebellum send motor output?
To the cerebrum
What is the function of the cerebellum?
Process sensory input to do movement (maintain posture and balance, and do motor learning)
What would happen if the cerebellum was damaged?
Would be unable to maintain your posture and balance (walk in a straight line or write in a straight line) AND process sensory input. Would get ATAXIA.
What does the RAS (reticular Activating System) in the midbrain regulate? (3 things)
- Behavioral Arousal
- Consciousness
- Motivation
What contains motor and sensory communication in the cerebellum?
Arbor Vitae “Tree of Life”
What is the function of the thalamus in regards to sensory reception and emotion?
It sorts, edits, and relays ascending input for touch, pain, skin temperature, muscle stretch, joint tension, hearing, vision, taste, and balance and equilibrium. AND takes these sensations to their final destination (the correct one)
What sensation DOES NOT pass through the thalamus?
SMELL (olfactory receptors)
How does the hypothalamus control fight or flight?
It activates the sympathetic nervous system by controlling catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrine) release
How does the hypothalamus manage and control body temperature?
It receives information from thermoreceptors and sends out signals to places in the body telling it to do something to adjust our temperature
How does the hypothalamus control hunger and thirst?
Thirst: It motivates you to drink more and encourages secretion of ADH (vasopressin)
Hunger: Stimulates the satiety center, AND stimulates feeding center
How does the hypothalamus integrate with the limbic system?
Influences behavior and emotions by interacting with the limbic system (turns behaviors/smells and stuff into memories)
How does the hypothalamus work with the medulla oblongata?
Influences cardiovascular control by responding to flight or flight (medulla sends it’s info to increase heart rate rapidly)
Where is the location and function of Broca’s area?
Location: Frontal lobe
Function: Loss of grammatical structure (talks like a toddler), fluency impaired, comprehension in tact EXPRESSIVE
Where is the location and function of Wernicke’s area?
Location: Auditory association area (temporal lobe)
Function: Comprehension is impaired. Just a bunch of jumbled up words (word salad), fluency in tact RECEPTIVE
What is the basic function of the Primary somatic sensory cortex, sensory association area in Parietal lobe?
Primary somatic sensory cortex: Receives somatic sensory input from the skin, muscle, joints, internal organs, and taste buds
Sensory association area: Relates sensory information to past experiences and delivers it to motor areas
What are some one word choices used by people who have Broca’s aphasia compared to Wernicke’s aphasia?
Wernicke’s: You know that smoodle pinkered and that I want to get him round and take care of him like you want before
Broca’s: Walk dog (suppose to say I will take the dog for a walk) or book book two table (suppose to say There are two books on the table)
What is the basic function of the cortex and association area in ALL OF THE LOBES OF THE CEREBRUM?
Receives sensory input and allows decision making by integrating sensory info and forming connections
What is the basic function of the Prefrontal cortex, Primary motor cortex, Premotor cortex (motor association) in the Frontal lobe?
Prefrontal cortex: Does thoughts, Actions, and emotions through integration
Primary motor cortex: Initiates voluntary skeletal muscle movement
Premotor cortex (motor association): Plans and organizes movements and actions (makes them smooth)
What is the basic function of the Auditory cortex, Auditory association area, Olfactory cortex in the Temporal lobe?
Auditory cortex: receives sensory input from the cochlea
Auditory association area: Integrates sensory info from the auditory cortex and interprets it as sound
Olfactory cortex: receives input from receptors in the nasal cavity for smell. Helps do smell into memories
What is the basic function of the visual cortex, Visual association area occipital lobe?
visual cortex: gets input from the retina of the eye for vision
Visual association area: interprets information from the visual cortex to recognize faces
What is the basic function of the gustatory cortex in the occipital lobe?
Gustatory cortex: Receives input for taste
What is visual, auditory, and tactical Agnosia and
Visual: inability to recognize faces
Auditory: Inability to recognize sound
Tactile: Inability to recognize texture
what part of the cerebrum does agnosia affect?
The association areas in the cerebrum
What is agnosia in general?
It is where you lose the ability to interpret sensations BUT YOU DO NOT LOSE THE WHOLE SENSATION
Describe the function of the limbic system Emotion, Motivation, AND mood
Emotion: helps you create emotional bonding and establishes emotional memory based on a past experience (you threw up at a carnival now you will have a bad emotional connection with carnivals)
Motivation: Internal signals create voluntary behaviors that you want to work towards
Mood: Longer lasting emotions related to a sense of well-being and dependant on neurotransmitters
What is the specific function of the hippocampus?
It connects learning and memory together
What is the specific function of the Amygdala?
It connects certain emotions with memory
What is the function of the basal nuclei?
It is where you can select muscles that you want to contract/not to contract based on the release of dopamine. And how intense you want to contract the muscles.
What are the associated disorders of the basal nuclei? (2)
Parkinson’s disease AND huntington’s Chorea
How are long-term memories formed?
Through memory-consolidation where short-term memories are converted into long-term memories
What is the memory of consolidation?
Where you convert short-term memories into long-term memories
What is the difference between explicit and implicit memories?
Explicit (declarative): They are stored in the temporal lobe. It is having long term knowledge about ourselves and the world and can be described or reported VERBALLY
Implicit (reflexive): The memories are stored in the amygdala and cerebellum. They are automatic (subconscious) processes that are gained slowly by repetition (motor skills/procedures that we do)
What are some factors that support effective memory consolidation?
Have to have STRUCTURAL CHANGE like activation of genes, synthesis of mRNA, production of proteins, and form new synapses. NEED A RAPID SUPPLY OF ENERGY. NEED TO HAVE LOW STRESS
What are some examples of explicit and implicit memories?
Explicit: remembering your moms birthday, remembering your favorite sports teams name
Implicit: remembering how to ride a bike, remembering how to throw a dart
Describe “working memory”
Where you can remember bits and pieces of information long enough to use them to complete a task after you received that information. NEED LONG TERM MEMORIES TO ACCOMPLISH THE TASK
What happens in each stage of sleep? (REM, Stage W, Non-REM 1-2. NON-Rem 3-4)
REM: rapid eye movement, dreams occur, skeletal muscles are inhibited but eye muscles and diaphragm muscles ARE NOT
Stage W: awake, eyes are closed, low amp and high frequency waves
Non-Rem: DEEP SLEEP
NON-Rem 3-4: slow-wave sleep, vital signs decline, arousal is difficult, sleepwalking occurs
In what stages of sleep are you more likely to be aroused, have muscle inhibition, sleep walk?
Aroused: non-REM stages 1-2
Muscle inhibition: REM sleep
Sleepwalk: Non-Rem stages 3 and 4
In what stage of sleep is it less likely to be aroused, have muscle inhibition, sleep walk?
Aroused: Non-Rem stages 3 and 4
Muscle inhibition: Non-REM stages 1 and 2
Sleepwalk: REM sleep
In what stage does dreaming occur?
REM stage
What type of neuron are sensory and motor neurons?
Sensory: Unipolar
Motor: Multipolar
What are the functions of the basal ganglia? (4)
- Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements
- filter out incorrect responses
- inhibit unnecessary movements (antagonistic)
- Prevents excessive or exaggerated movements
