Final exam Chapter 24 Review

Question 1

What are the roles of lymph nodes in the immune system?

Answer 1

1. Filters and purifies circulating lymph
2. removes 99% of antigens from lymph
3. debris and pathogens are engulfed by macrophages
4. Helps with immune response

Question 2

What is opsonin?

Answer 2

a complement proteins that helps with opsonization which is it coat or mark a pathogen so that the phagocytes can go and kill the pathogen

Question 3

Identify which cell surface marker each type of T cell (cytotoxic and Helper T cells) has and which class of MHC protein it interacts with:

Interacts with MHC I class presenting cells (normal body cell)
CD4 marker
CD8 marker

Answer 3

Cytotoxic: CD8 marker, Interacts with MHC I class presenting cells (normal body cell)

Helper: CD4 marker, Interacts with MHC II class presenting cells (APCs)

Question 4

What is the function of CD8 cells when activated?

Answer 4

They produce large amounts of cytotoxic T cells and Memory T cells and produces a little bit of regulatory T cells

Question 5

What is the function of CD4 cells when activated?

Answer 5

Produces large numbers of helper T cells that secrete cytokines to stimulate an immune response

Question 6

How do T cells interact with APC’s?

Answer 6

The APCs engulf the pathogen and process the antigen onto their surface (MHC II molecule). Then it goes and binds to the T cell which activates it and gets rid of it by doing its function.

Question 7

Explain what antigen presentation is

Answer 7

The APCs engulf the pathogen and process the antigen onto their surface (MHC II molecule). Then it goes and binds to the T cell which activates it and gets rid of it by doing its function.

OR

The body cell that is infected presents the antigen to the T cell and the T cell gets activated and kills them.

Question 8

What type of cells are expressed in the MHC proteins? (MHC I AND MHC II)

Answer 8

MHC I: ON NUCLEATED CELLS IN THE PLASMA MEMBRANE

MHC II: ON ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS

Question 9

What type of chemical induces a fever?

Answer 9

Pyrogen

Question 10

What chemical induces inflammation when released from the mast cells?

Answer 10

Histamine

Question 11

How is bicarbonate made? Why is it importance?

Answer 11

When CO2 is diffused in red blood cells and combines with water to form carbonic acid then it forms bicarbonate ions. It is important because it balances the pH levels in the blood.

Question 12

What is the function of type II pneumocytes?

Answer 12

It secretes the oily substance pulmonary surfactant which decreases the surface tension and prevent the alveoli to collapse

Question 13

What is the purpose of bicarbonate anhydrase?

Answer 13

It breaks down carbonic acid to form a bicarbonate ion and hydrogen ions

Question 14

What is the purpose of the peritubular capillaries?

Answer 14

They are along side the nephron tubules that allow for reabsorption and secretion between the blood and the inner lumen of the nephron

Question 15

What is the purpose of the prostate gland?

Answer 15

it produces prostatic fluid that increases the volume of semen (makes more of it) and helps semen travel out during ejaculation

Question 16

What is the purpose of the endometrium?

Answer 16

It is the lining of the uterus where fertilized egg implants. Helps support and grow the fetus.

Question 17

What is perforin?

Answer 17

It is released by NK cells and creates pores in a pathogen to kill it

Question 18

What do interferons do during innate immunity?

Answer 18

They are antiviral polypeptides that are produced by an infected cell. They attach to a non infected cell that triggers the production of the antiviral protein so then that cell will not get infected later on.