Chapter 11 Flashcards
What are the effectors of the ANS? (4)
Smooth muscles, Cardiac muscles, and adipose tissue, glands
What is the neural pathway of the ANS? (start with the hypothalamus and end at the effector)
- Hypothalamus
- Then it synapses with the preganglionic neurons in the brainstem or spinal cord
- Which then synapses with the autonomic ganglionic neurons outside of the CNS
- Then it goes through the postganglionic fiber of the autonomic ganglionic neurons to the effector
What are the 3 groups of sympathetic ganglia? What does each innervate?
- Sympathetic chain ganglion- Pupil (focuses and opens the pupil), Heart (increases heart rate), Respiratory system (opens bronchial in lungs and increases oxygen uptake), Constricts blood vessels, sweat glands of face trunk and limbs, does arrector pili muscles (goose bumps)
- Collateral ganglia- Innervates the stomach and abdominal cavity organs
- Adrenal medulla- innervates the adrenal medulla
How does the adrenal medulla contribute to sympathetic function?
It secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine into the bloodstream and causes a widespread response even in tissues not innervated by sympathetic postganglionic fibers. EFFECTS LAST LONG
What are the 4 cranial nerves that synapse with the parasympathetic ganglia? AND which ganglia does it synapse with?
Oculomotor nerve- Ciliary
Facial nerve- Pterygopalatine, submandibular
Glossopharyngeal nerve- Otic
Vagus nerve- Intramural
What are the general effectors for Sympathetic chain ganglion parasympathetic ganglia?
Sympathetic chain ganglion: Pupils, heart, respiratory system, blood vessels, sweat glands on face, trunk, and limbs, arrector pili muscle
What are the 3 ways that the sympathetic nervous system causes widespread and lingering effects?
- one preganglionic neuron stimulation usually synapses with many ganglionic neurons and causes a widespread response to many organs
- Happens in the adrenal medulla and secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine into the bloodstream and creates a widespread effect and lingers
- Varicosities, when a nerve is stimulated it goes to the varicosities and releases norepinephrine and goes and does its thing
What is the function of the ENS (enteric nervous system)?
control the digestive system by regulating movements of the gastrointestinal tract, controls gland secretion and smooth muscle contraction, vagus nerve innervates it and can work on its own from the CNS. BRAIN OF THE GUT
What division is the ENS (enteric nervous system) under?
THE ANS (autonomic nervous system)
What neurotransmitter is ALWAYS used between the preganglionic neuron and the ganglionic neuron in the sympathetic division?
Acetylcholine called cholinergic because it uses acetylcholine
What neurotransmitter is ALWAYS used between the postganglionic fiber and the target organ cells?
Norepinephrine called adrenergic because it uses norepinephrine
What are adrenergic receptors (alpha and beta)?
They are adrenergic receptors and are found in the sympathetic nervous system. Metabotropic (uses G protein). Beta receptors inhibit cAMP and relaxes bronchial smooth muscles
What neurotransmitter binds to alpha and beta adrenergic receptors?
Alpha: norepinephrine and epinephrine
Beta: norepinephrine and epinephrine
How do alpha and beta adrenergic receptors respond to the neurotransmitter that binds to it?
Alpha: EXCITES OR INHIBITS, contracts smooth muscles, glycogenolysis, secretes saliva, decreases insulin levels
Beta: increases cardiac muscle activity and relaxes bronchiole smooth muscles, and is an agonist to albuterol. INHIBITS OR EXCITES
Define nicotinic receptors
It is an ionotropic receptor (a channel) and is an excitable receptor
What neurotransmitter binds to nicotinic receptors? How does it respond?
Acetylcholine ALWAYS USES IT
It responds in an excitable way
Define muscarinic receptors
Where the receptor binds to it and uses a G protein and uses cascade effects to do its thing
What neurotransmitter binds to muscarinic receptors? How does it respond?
Acetylcholine
Response: Have long lasting effects but ALWAYS EXCITE OR INHIBIT
What are varicosities?
They are packed with neurotransmitters and release them when they are stimulated by a nerve
What is dual innervation and autonomic tone?
One structure or organ that is innervated by BOTH systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
Why is dual innervation important?
Helps keep us in homeostasis by opposing effects (one increases heart rate, the other decreases heart rate), and by complementary or separate responses (one secretes sweat in arms and the other one doesn’t)
Why is autonomic tone important?
It is important because it helps us quickly respond to a crisis when we are in a resting state and dual innervation is involved. (acetylcholine and norepinephrine are secreted constantly in the heart and ready for when a crisis arrives)
Here are descriptions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic system. Label the descriptions with S (for sympathetic) and P (for parasympathetic). to determine which system the belong to.
- _____ innervates the adrenal medulla which secretes adrenalin
- _____ promotes peristalsis
- _____ fatty acids are released from adipocytes
- _____ glucose is stored as glycogen within the muscle and liver cells
- _____ craniosacral division
- _____ thoracolumbar division
- _____ ACh used for all synapses, both pre and post ganglionic
- _____ increases heart rate
- _____ increases muscle tone
- _____ blood filtration in the kidneys
- _____ vasoconstriction in skin arterioles
- _____ uses 4 cranial nerves as motor pathways
- _____ digestive and urinary system blood vessels constrict and sphincters close
- _____ insensitivity to pain and disregard to danger
- _____ sweating
- _____ anabolic system
- _____ reduced metabolic rate (overall)
- _____ causes a widespread response using norepinephrine and epinephrine in the blood stream
- _____ vasodilation in the skeletal muscles
- _____ relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles
- _____ salivation
- _____ pupil constriction
- _____ spermatogenesis (production of sperm)
- _____ β1 adrenergic receptors activated to stimulate the heart muscle
- _____ muscarinic receptors activated to inhibit the heart muscle
- __S___ innervates the adrenal medulla which secretes adrenalin
- __P___ promotes peristalsis
- ___S__ fatty acids are released from adipocytes
- ____P_ glucose is stored as glycogen within the muscle and liver cells
- __P___ craniosacral division
- __S___ thoracolumbar division
- ___P__ ACh used for all synapses, both pre and post ganglionic
- __S___ increases heart rate
- ___S__ increases muscle tone
- ___P__ blood filtration in the kidneys
- __S___ vasoconstriction in skin arterioles
- __P___ uses 4 cranial nerves as motor pathways
- ___S__ digestive and urinary system blood vessels constrict and sphincters close
- ___S__ insensitivity to pain and disregard to danger
- ___S__ sweating
- __P___ anabolic system
- ___P__ reduced metabolic rate (overall)
- __S___ causes a widespread response using norepinephrine and epinephrine in the blood stream
- __S___ vasodilation in the skeletal muscles
- ___S__ relaxation of smooth muscle in the bronchioles
- __P___ salivation
- ___P__ pupil constriction
- ___P__ spermatogenesis (production of sperm)
- __S___ β1 adrenergic receptors activated to stimulate the heart muscle
- __P___ muscarinic receptors activated to inhibit the heart muscle
What do the varicosities release in sympathetic ganglion and parasympathetic ganglion?
Sympathetic: Norepinephrine
Parasympathetic: Acetylcholine
What are the general effectors for adrenal medulla parasympathetic ganglia?
Adrenal medulla
What are the general effectors for collateral chain ganglion parasympathetic ganglia?
liver, gallbladder, pancreas, stomach, large and small intestine, and reproductive organs
Here is the alpha 2 receptor and it is decreasing insulin release, because of that are we in parasympathetic or sympathetic?
Sympathetic in flight or fight because it is an adrenergic receptor
what neurotransmitter does every neuron release in the parasympathetic nervous system?
ACETYLCHOLINE
What is the autonomic tone?
Always have a low level of activity going on in the background even in a resting state.
