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Immunology > Exam 1: Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Exam 1: Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 barriers of innate immunity?

A
  1. Physical barriers
  2. Humoral Barriers ( comp. system)
  3. Cellular barriers (NK cells, Phagocytic cells)
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2
Q

What are the 3 defense factors of Physical barriers

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Chemical
  3. Microbiological
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3
Q

What is the most important humoral factor of the innate immunity?

A

Complement system

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4
Q

Activation of the coagulative system causes what?

A

blood coagulation at site of damage preventing entry of bacteria

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5
Q

What is beta-lysine?

A

substance produced by platelets that has a bactericidal effect against g+ bacteria during the coagulation process

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6
Q

Why is lactoferin produced during coagulation?

A

sequesters iron and bacteria cannot grow without Fe

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7
Q

Enzyme released during coagulation that digests the bacterial cell wall?

A

Lysozyme

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8
Q

Released during Coagulation adn inhibits the replication of viruses.

A

Interferons

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9
Q

Responsible for the inc. in temp. during inflammation and induces acute phase proteins which are bactericidal.

A

Interleukin 1

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10
Q

What are the cellular barriers of the innate response?

A
  1. NEutrophils
  2. Macrophages
  3. NK and LAK cells
  4. Eosionophils
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11
Q

What are the two vital cells of the phagocytic system?

A
  1. Neutrophils

2. Macrophages

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12
Q

The most numerous innate immune cell

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

What is expressed on the surface of neutrophils

A

CD66

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14
Q

What two types of granules are found in neutrophils?

A
  1. Azurophilic granules

2. Secondary granules

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15
Q

What 4 substances are found in the Azurophilic granules of neutrophils?

A
  1. Defensins
  2. Proteolytic enzymes
  3. Lysozyme
  4. Myeloperoxidase
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16
Q

What 3 substances are found in the secondary granules of neutrophils?

A
  1. Lysozyme
  2. Lactoferin
  3. NADPH Oxidase
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17
Q

What is the importance of NADPH oxidase found in the secondary granules of neutrophils

A

for the production of toxic radicals

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18
Q

What is expressed on the surface of macrophages?

A
  1. CD14
  2. CD11b
  3. F4/80
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19
Q

T/F. Macrophages do not posses granules, but instead have lysosomes.

A

T

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20
Q

What do macrophages react to?

A

Danger signals(SOS)

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21
Q

What are the 4 danger signals macrophages respond to?

A
  1. N-Formyl-methionine
  2. Peptides
  3. Complement
  4. Cytokines
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22
Q

Wht are the 4 receptors found on a phagocytes?

A
  1. Fc receptors
  2. Complement receptors
  3. Scavenger receptors
  4. TLR
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23
Q

What is the role of the Fc receptor in phagocytes?

A

to bind to the fc region of the antibody and enhance metabolic activity of the phagocyte

24
Q

What do complement receptors on phagocytes bind to?

A

C3b bind to bacterium and then binds to phagocyte

25
Q

What do scavenger receptors on phagocytes bind to?

A

polyamines found on bacterial surfaces

26
Q

What do TLRs recognize?

A

PAMPs

27
Q

The active process of capturing and ingesting foreign objects/microorganisms by phagocytes.

A

Phagocytosis

28
Q

What are the 4 functions of phagocytosis

A
  1. Destroy microorganisms
  2. remove damaged cells
  3. production of cytokines for inflammatory rxn
  4. process and present antigens
29
Q

What are the two killing pathways of neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages?

A
  1. Oxidative pathway

2. Non- oxidative pathway

30
Q

Which pathway of intracellular killing is dependent on ROS and RNS

A

Oxidative pathway

31
Q

Which pathway of intracellular killing is dependent on lysosomal toxic substances?

A

Non-Oxidative pathway

32
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of the non-oxidative intracellular killing pathway?

A
  1. Cationic proteins
  2. Lysozyme
  3. Lactoferrin
  4. Proteolytic and hydrolytic enzymes
33
Q

Natural or innate immune system receptors that recognize molecular patterns produced by microorganism

A

PRR

34
Q

Repetitive motifs of molecules such as lipopolysaccharide, peptidoglycan, etc. expressed on microbial pathogens and not found on host tissues

A

PAMP

35
Q

Endogenous molecules released from damaged cells

A

DAMPs

36
Q

Major PRRs located on host cell membranes or withing the host cells that signal the presence of invaders in innate immune response

A

TLRs

37
Q

What is the endpoint of signalling by TLRs?

A

production of proinflammatory cytokines

38
Q

What are NOD like receptors (NLR)

A

found inside cell

detect pathogens in cytoplasm

39
Q

What are the two types of NOD like receptors

A
  1. NOD 1

2. NOD 2

40
Q

What does NOD1 recognize

A

bacterial peptidoglycans

41
Q

What does NOD2 recognize?

A

muramyl dipeptides

42
Q

WHich receptors are expressed in the cytoplasm and detect viral RNA?

A

RIG like receptors

43
Q

Receptors that bind to carbohydrates and are involved in fungal recognition

A

C type lectin receptors (CLRs)

44
Q

Found in the large granules of neutrophils, these receptors detect microbial peptidoglycan and induce production of defensisn

A

PGRPs

45
Q

Where are PGRPs found in pigs?

A

on the skin, bone marrow, and intestines

46
Q

Changes in serum protein during infection

A

Acute phase response

47
Q

Which of the following types of immunity are animals born with and is functional at birth?

a. adaptive immunity
b. acquired immunity
c. specific immunity
d. innate immunity

A

d. innate immunity

48
Q

Which of the following statements is not true?

a. innate immunity is directed specifically to the infectious agent
b. innate immunity is not affected by prior exposure to the agent
c. innate immunity is not acquired, it is inherited
d. innate immunity operates constantly to prevent the establishment of any infection

A

a. innate immunity is directed specifically to the infectious agent

49
Q

Will the innate immune system respond with the same level of response each time it is presented with a certain bacteria?

a. the initial response is weak
b. the second response is weaker than the first
c. the level of response will be the same b/c innate responses are not specific
d. only the initial response is the strongest

A

c. the level of response will be the same

50
Q

T/F. Often in the innate immune system, one or multiple cells can recognize the same microorganism

A

T

51
Q

T/F. The innate immune response is more specific than the adaptive immune response.

A

F

52
Q

What receptors do neutrophils and macrophaes use to recognize microbial patterns?

a. TLR
b. Mucosal Receptors
c. Adrenoceptors
d. Cytokine receptors

A

a. TLR

53
Q

Which of the following statements reguarding innate immune mechanisms is true?

a. innate immunity is activated by recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
b. Innate immunity is effected only against bacteria
c. all of the cells in the innate immune system are phagocytic
d. Activation of innate immunity leads to the development of an memory component that is more effective upon second encounter with the same pathogen

A

a. innate immunity is activated by recognition of PAMPs

54
Q

An enzyme found in tears and saliva that degrades the peptidoglycan of the cell wall of bacteria

a. amylase
b. lysozyme
c. keratinase
d. streptokinase

A

b. lysozyme

55
Q

Protein found in neutrophils and macrophages and other body secretions that binds iron, thus making it unavailable for microbial growth is called:

a. lysozyme
b. peroxidase
c. lactoferin
d. complement protein

A

c. lactoferin

Immunology (23 decks)

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