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Immunology > Exam 1: Cells and Organs of the IS > Flashcards

Exam 1: Cells and Organs of the IS Flashcards

1
Q

What are some first lines of defense against infection?

A

skin, mucous membranes, chemicals

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2
Q

What are some second lines of defense against infection?

A

Phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation, fever

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3
Q

What are some third lines of defense against infection?

A

Lymphocytes, antibodies

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4
Q

which line of defence (1st, 2nd, 3rd) is specific?

A

3rd

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5
Q

subgroup of WBCs characterized by the presence of cytoplasmic granules

A

Granulocytes

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6
Q

Where are granulocytes produced?

A

Bone marrow

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7
Q

What are the 3 granulocytes?

A

Basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils

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8
Q

What is another name for granulocytes?

A

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

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9
Q

What is the importance of basophils?

A

defense against parasites and inflammatory response

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10
Q

How do basophils destroy pathogens?

A

toxic granules destroy pathogen during phagocytosis

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11
Q

What are 3 adhesion molecules expressed by basophils

A
  1. LFA-1
  2. Mac-1
  3. CD44
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12
Q

Eosinophils differentiate from myeloid precursor cells in response to _____, _____, and _____

A
  1. IL-3
  2. IL-5
  3. GM-CSF
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13
Q

how do eosinophils destroy pathogens?

A

release the toxic substances in their granules

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14
Q

What is the most numerous innate immune cell?

A

Neutrophil

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15
Q

How do you estimate the number of circulating neutrophils?

A

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC)

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16
Q

What are two circumstances that may cause high ANC?

A

Kidney failure

bacterial infection

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17
Q

What circumstance could cause ANC to be low?

A

Leukemia or bone marrow damage

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18
Q

what is neutropenia?

A

low number of neutrophils

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19
Q

Where are mast cells generated?

A

Bone marrow

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20
Q

What are the 2 types of mast cells?

A
  1. connective tissue mast cells

2. mucosal mast cells

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21
Q

Where are mucosal mast cells found?

A

areas of the body that are exposed to external environment

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22
Q

T/F. Mast cells are important for defense against parasites

A

T

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23
Q

How do mast cells in tissue mediate allergic reactions?

A

releasing inflammatory mediators like histamine

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24
Q

4 examples of monocytes

A

Osteoclasts
microglia cells
histiocytes
kupffer cells

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25
Q

What induces engulfment and degredation of bacteria during phagocytosis?

A

binding of bacteria to phagocytic receptors on macrophage

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26
Q

After activation macrophages do what?

A

coordinate an immune response

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27
Q

T/F. Macrophages can present antigens to lymphocytes?

A

T

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28
Q

Innate immune cells that recognize and kill virus- infected cells or tumor cells

A

NK cells

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29
Q

T/F NK cells belong to both the innate and adaptive immune system

A

T

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30
Q

What is the purpose of the granules inside NK cells

A

form holes in the target cell

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31
Q

What are the two responsibilities of NK cells?

A
  1. Cytolytic effector

2. Regulators of immune response

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32
Q

Specialized sentinel cells that constantly sense and respond to their immediate environment.

A

Dendritic cells

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33
Q

What are the 2 functions of activated dendritic cells?

A
  1. Antigen uptake in peripheral sites

2. Antigen presentation

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34
Q

What are the 3 possible sites for dendritic cell maturation

A
  1. bone marrow
  2. lymphoid
  3. non-lymphoid tissues
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35
Q

Which cells are responsible for bridging the gap between the innate and adaptive immunity? and promote self tolerance

A

DC

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36
Q

What is the function of DCs?

A

To capture, process, and present antigens to t cells

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37
Q

What are the 2 classifications of Dendritic cells?

A
  1. Classical/Conventional DCs (cDCs)

2. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs)

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38
Q

Which type of DC has the ability to secrete lg amts of type I interferons upon activation through TLR7 and TLR9

A

pDCs

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39
Q

2 types of lymphocytes

A
  1. B Lymp.

2. T Lymp.

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40
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow, bursa of fabricius

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41
Q

When are B cells activated?

A

When bind antigens throur BCR

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42
Q

Which lymphocytes are responsible for generating antibodies to specific antigens?

A

B cells

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43
Q

What are the 3 major roles of Antibodies?

A
  1. neutralization
  2. opsonization
  3. complement activation
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44
Q

Occurs when pathogen is covered in antibodies and cannot further infect host cells

A

Neutralization

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45
Q

When an antibody-bound pathogen serves to alert immune cells to engulf and digest the pathogen

A

opsonization

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46
Q

Process for directly destroying or lysing pathogens

A

Complement activation

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47
Q

What are the precursors to T cells?

A

Thymocytes

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48
Q

Where do t cells mature

A

Thymus

49
Q

What are the 2 categories of T cells?

A
  1. CD8

2. CD4

50
Q

what is another name for CD8 t cells

A

Cytotoxic t cells

51
Q

Which category of t cells have cytotoxic granules containing cytotoxins that kill target cells?

A

CD8

52
Q

Which type of T cell recognize and kill infected or cancer cells

A

CD8

53
Q

What are the 4 types of CD4 T cells?

A
  1. Th 1
  2. Th2
  3. Th17
  4. Treg
54
Q

What is the purpose of Th1 CD4 T cells?

A

Coordinate immune response against intracellular pathogens

55
Q

How does Th1 cells respond to intracellular pathogens?

A

produce and secrete cytokines that alert and activate immune cells (macrophages)

56
Q

What is the purpose of TH2 CD4 T cells

A

Coordinate IR against extracellular pathogens

57
Q

What cells do Th2 cells alert when releasing IL-4 and IL-5?

A
  1. B cells
  2. Mast cells
  3. Granulocytes
58
Q

What do Th17 cells release in order to activate immune and non immune cells?

A

IL-17

59
Q

Which category of T cells protect the surfaces (skin, gut) against extracellular bacteria?

A

Th17

60
Q

T cells that monitor and inhibit the activity of other t cells?

A

Tregs (regulatory t cells)

61
Q

2 ways immune cells communicate

A
  1. cell to cell contact

2. secreted signaling molecules

62
Q

2 places receptors can be expressed

A
  1. on cell surface

2. intracellular compartments

63
Q

molecules that activate receptors

A

ligands

64
Q

2 places ligands are found

A

free floating or membrane bound

65
Q

Small proteins with diverse function such as cell growth and activation

A

Cytokines

66
Q

Expressed on innate immune cells, like macrophages and DC, they recognize general microbial patterns essential for innate immune cell activation and inflammatory responses

A

TLRs

67
Q

What is the function of BCRs and TCRs

A

recognize foreign antigens

68
Q

Function as carriers to present antigens on cell surfaces, also signal whether a cell is a host cell or a foreign cell

A

MHC proteins

69
Q

Where are lymphoid cells first produced?

A

yolk sac, fetal omentum, liver

70
Q

What are the two types of lymphoid organs

A
  1. primary

2. secondary

71
Q

what are the primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow, thymus, bursa of fabricius

72
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs

A

spleen, lymph nodes, peyer’s patches

73
Q

Organs that regulate the development of lymphocytes

A

primary lymphoid organs

74
Q

Which part of the thymus contains the thymocytes (lymphocytes)?

A

Cortex

75
Q

Where do T lymphocytes learn to differentiate foreign from self antigen?

A

Thymus

76
Q

What happens to t lymphocytes that react to self?

A

apoptosis- negative selection

77
Q

Where do cells that recognize MHC II/Ag complexes go after positive selection?

A

To secondary lymphoid organs

78
Q

List some hormones responsible for regulating the maturation process of T lymphocytes

A
  1. Thymosins
  2. Thymopoietins
  3. Thymulin
  4. Thymostimulins
79
Q

What is located in the cortex of the bursa of fabricius?

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Plasma cells
  3. Macrophages
80
Q

What are the 3 functions of the Bursa of Fabricius?

A
  1. Maturation of antibody forming cells
  2. Differentiation of antibody forming cells
  3. Negative and positive selection of B lymphocytes
81
Q

What are the 2 categories of secondary lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Encapsulated

2. Non Encapsulated

82
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Filters Lymph to trap antigens

83
Q

What are the 3 parts of the lymph node?

A
  1. Cortex
  2. Paracortex
  3. Medulla
84
Q

What part of the lymph node are b lymphocytes found?

A

germinal centers of the cortex

85
Q

What part of the lymph node are t lymphocytes and DCs found

A

Paracortex

86
Q

The principle function of ______ is to facilitate the interaction b/t DCs and T and B lymphocytes

A

LN

87
Q

What does the immune system do?

a. It helps you breath
b. it helps move the blood through the body
c. fights infectious diseases
d. none of above

A

c. Fights infectious disease

88
Q

In what part of the body are the white blood cells made?

a. Bone marrow
b. Spleen
c. Lymph Node
d. Pancreas

A

A. Bone marrow

89
Q

T/F. Macrophages and neutrophils play a role in innate immunity.

A

T

90
Q

Which of the following is not a phagocyte?

a. Mast cell
b. DC
c. NK cell
d. Neutrophil

A

c. NK cell

91
Q

All of the following cells are phagocytic except:

a. Eosinophils
b. Basophils
c. Macrophages
d. Neutrophils
e. Lymphocytes

A

e. Lymphocytes

92
Q

Precursors of macrophages are called:

a. Monocytes
b. Killer cells
c. T cells
d. B cells

A

a. Monocytes

93
Q

Mast cells. . .

a. Migrate to the thymus to mature
b. mediate inflammatory response in connective tissue
c. secrete antibodies in response to antigens
d. Are monospecific and recognize only a specific antigen

A

b. Mediate inflammatory response in CT

94
Q

Neutrophils. . .

a. are part of innate immune system response
b. Mature in the thymus
c. Secrete antibodiesin response to antigens
d. are professional antigen presenting cells

A

a. part of innate immune response

95
Q

Which of the following cells participate in the non-specific defense response when the body is invaded by microbes

a. Neutrophils
b. NK cells
c. Macrophages
d. All of above

A

d. All of above

96
Q

Which one of the following is not a CD4+ T cell subset?

a. Th1
b. Th2
c. Th17
d. CTL

A

d. CTL

97
Q

Which of the following T cell types can lyse cells that have been infected with a virus?

a. Helper T cells
b. T regulatory Cells
c. Cytotoxic T cells
d. All of above

A

c. Cytotoxic T cells

98
Q

What are the 2 types of tissue found in the spleen?

A

Red and white pulp

99
Q

What does the red pulp of the spleen do?

A

Filters blood and RBC storage

100
Q

What does the White pulp of the spleen do?

A

Where immune induction occures

101
Q

Which part of the spleen is rich in lymphocytes?

A

White pulp

102
Q

Non encapsulated lymphoid tissue located in the wall of the small intestines

A

Peyer’s patches (PP)

103
Q

Why are PP different in ruminants, pigs, dogs, and rabits?

A

located in the Ileum, and are primary lymphoid organs, where b cells develop

104
Q

T/F. Peyer’s patches contain only B lymphocytes?

A

T

105
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

106
Q

What is the Significance of GALT?

A

it is the inductive and effector site of intestinal immune responses

107
Q

Immune cells that belong to the lymphoid lineage, but do not express antigen specific receptors (no TCR or BCR)

A

Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs)

108
Q

Where are innate lymphoid cells localized to?

A

Mucosal surfaces

109
Q

What is the purpose of ILCs?

A

Secrete cytokines

110
Q

What are the 3 groups of ILcs?

A
  1. Group 1 ILCs
  2. Group 2 ILCs
  3. Group 3 ILCs
111
Q

Group 1 ILCs are under the control of ____

A

T-Bet Transcription factor

112
Q

What is included in Group 1 ILCs?

A

NK cells and ILC1 cells

113
Q

What 2 transcription factors are found in group 2 ILCs?

A
  1. GATA-3

2. ROR-alpha

114
Q

What two transcription factors are found in group 1 ILCs?

A
  1. INF-Gamma

2. TNF-alpha

115
Q

Cytokines are released by group 1 ILCs in response to _____

A

intracellular pathogens

116
Q

Group 2 ILCs produce ___. ___, and ____ in response to extracellular parasite infections

A

IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13

117
Q

Group 3 ILCs are under the control of _____ transcription factor.

A

ROR-yt

118
Q

What is included in Group 3 ILCs?

A

Lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTi) and ILC3 cells

119
Q

What is the importance of LTi cells?

A

required for the development of lymphoid tissues

Immunology (23 decks)

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