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Immunology > Exam 1: Inflammation > Flashcards

Exam 1: Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Defense rxn of living tissue against damage, aimed at removing the cause of injury and repairing the tissue

A

Inflammation

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of inflammation?

A

acute and chronic

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3
Q

____ inflammation fights the early stges of infection and prepares the process that leads to tissue repair.

A

Acute

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4
Q

____ inflammation is characterized by the dominating presence of macrophages in the injured tissue

A

Chronic

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5
Q

3 Exogenous causes of inflammation

A
  1. physical agents
  2. chemical agents
  3. biological agents
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6
Q

What are the 2 endogenous causes of inflammation?

A
  1. circulation disorders

2. metabolic products

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7
Q

What are the 5 Hallmark signs of acute inflammation?

A
  1. Calor (heat)
  2. Rubdor (redness)
  3. Tumor (swelling)
  4. Dolor (pain)
  5. Functio laesa (loss of function)
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8
Q

What are the 4 pro-inflammatory cytokines?

A

TNFa
IL-1
IL-6
IL-8

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9
Q

Which two proinflammatory cytokines induce fever and stress hormone production

A

TNFa and IL-1

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10
Q

TNFa and IL-1 induce the synthesis of what 3 factors?

A

IL-6
IL-8
IFNy

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11
Q

What proinflammatory cytokine stimulates the release of c-reactive protein

A

IL-6

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12
Q

What 6 things do proinflammatory cytokines activate?

A
  1. Coagulation cascade
  2. Release of nitric oxide
  3. Platelet- activating factor
  4. prostaglandins
  5. leukotrienes
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13
Q

What 4 things do complement components stimulate

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. neutrophils
  3. eosionophils
  4. monocytes
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14
Q

What 4 things do prostaglandins contribute to during inflammation?

A
  1. vasodilation
  2. capillary permeability
  3. pain
  4. fever
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15
Q

T/F. Prostaglandins inc. blood pressure.

A

F. Dec BP

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16
Q

Which Leukotrienes are responsible for smooth muscle contraction

A

Slow reacting substance of anaphylazis

SRS-A

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17
Q

Which Leukotriene is a chemoattractant of neutrophils

A

LTB4

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18
Q

What is found in platelets, basophils, and mast cells that is responsible for dilation and inc. permeability of capillaries?

A

Vasoactive amines

Histamine and serotonin

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19
Q

What are the 7 mediators of inflammation?

A
  1. Pro-inflammatory cytokines
  2. Complement components
  3. Prostaglandins
  4. Leukotrienes
  5. Vasoactive amines
  6. Platelet-activation factor
  7. Plasma Proteases
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20
Q

What are the 4 affects of Platelet activating factor (PAF)?

A
  1. Induces platelet aggregation
  2. Activates neutrophils
  3. eosinophil chemoattractant
  4. contributes to eflux of plasma proteins leading to edema
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21
Q

What are the two plasma proteases

A
  1. kinins

2. clotting factors

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22
Q

what is the function of kinins?

A

inc. capillary permeability and pain

23
Q

responsible for production of fibrin peptides during the final steps of the clotting process

A

Clotting factors

24
Q

Which of the following treatments would you consider in managing a cutaneous inflammatory reaction caused by allergy in a dog?

a. loratadine
b. dulcolax
c. crestor

A

a. loratadine

25
Q

What are the two stages of inflammation?

A
  1. Vascular

2. Cellular

26
Q

What are the two phases of the vascular response to inflammation?

A
  1. Phase 1: vasoconstriction
  2. Phase 2: active vasodilation
  3. Phase 3: Passive vasodilation
27
Q

what happens during phase one of the vascular response during inflammation?

A

constriction of sm. blood vessels

28
Q

What happens during phase 2 of the vascular response during inflammation?

A

dilation of arterioles and capillaries

29
Q

Which phase of the vascular response of inflammation causes an increased cellular metabolism, causing an inc. in heat?

A

phase 2

30
Q

What is the cellular response?

A

movement of leukocytes into the area of injury

31
Q

What is the sequence of events that leads to the cellular response?

A
  1. chemotaxis
  2. Rolling
  3. Migration
  4. Phagocytes
32
Q

What are the 4 types of CAMs?

A
  1. Selectins
  2. Mucins
  3. Integrins
  4. Ig-superfamily CAM
33
Q

Which family of CAMs bind carbohydrate moieties?

A

Selectins

34
Q

What are the 3 most important Selectins?

A

Selectin E, L, and P

35
Q

Which selectin is expressed on leukocytes?

A

Selectin L

36
Q

Which selectins are expressed on endothelium during inflammation

A

Selectin P and E

37
Q

_____ are responsible for leukocyte interactio with the endothelium during the initial phase of inflammation

A

Selectins

38
Q

Group of heavily glycosylated, serine and theronine rich proteins that bind to selectins

A

Mucins

39
Q

Heterodimeric proteins consisting of alpha and beta chains that are covalently joined at the cell surface

A

Integrins

40
Q

Leukocytes express integrins with ___ chains

A

B2

41
Q

What does a deficiency in B2 integrin lead to?

A

leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)

recurrent bacterial infections

42
Q

What CAMs bind to integrins?

A

Ig- superfamily

43
Q

Which molecule listed below is not an adhesion molecule?

a. mucin
b. selectin
c. Ig-superfamily
d. immunoglobulin G
e. integrin

A

d. immunoglobulin g

44
Q

What are the 4 phases of extravasation of leukocytes

A
  1. rolling
  2. Activation
  3. Adhesion
  4. Diapedesis
45
Q

T/F. Neutrophils do not bind to endothelial cells under normal circumstances

A

T

46
Q

What are the 4 most prominent systemic manifestations of inflammation.

A
  1. the acute phase response
  2. Alterations in WBC count
  3. High fever
  4. Sepsis and septic shot
47
Q

What is produced by granulocytes at the end stages of inflammation to initiate the termination sequence.

A

Arachidonic acid- derived lipoxins

48
Q

What are the 4 outcomes of inflammation?

A
  1. resolution
  2. fibrosis
  3. abscess formation
  4. chronic inflammation
49
Q

Where does the histamine released during the inflammatory response come from?

a. Mast cells
b. Tissue fibroblasts
c. T cells
d. Neuronal cells

A

a. mast cells

50
Q

T/F. Inflammation is a normal process which allows the body to fight infection or injury by foreign substances

A

T

51
Q

T/F Inflammation is the body’s immune response to irritation, injury, or trauma.

A

T

52
Q

T/F Inflammationis a sequence of cellular and chemical events that occur to protect the body

A

T

53
Q

T/F. The body’s first response to injury includes changes in blood flow

A

T

Immunology (23 decks)

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