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Endocrine - UWorld Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action (MOA) of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A

INCREASES Renal Glucose Excretion –> decreased blood glucose levels

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2
Q

What are (4) common Side Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  • Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
  • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
  • Polyuria
  • Hypotension
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3
Q

What should patients with Grave’s Disease be started on to reduce Hyperthyroid symptoms?

A

Beta Blockers

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4
Q

Once the Hyperthyroid symptoms are controlled (with BBs) in a patient with Grave’s Disease, what (3) Treatment Modalities could be used to achieve a Euthyroid state?

A
  1. Antithyroid Drugs,
  2. Radioactive Iodine, or
  3. Surgical Thyroidectomy
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5
Q

What is the Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Insulin DEFICIENCY

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6
Q

What is the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Insulin RESISTANCE (with relative insulin deficiency)

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7
Q

What are (2) common Demographics related with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  1. Childhood to Early Adulthood (typically)
  2. Whites (more common)
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8
Q

What are (4) common Demographics related with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  1. Adulthood (rare in children but increasing in prevalence)
  2. Minorities (more common)
  3. Obese (more common)
  4. + Family History
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9
Q

Describe the Onset of Clinical Features for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus:

A

Rapid (usually) with Osmotic Symptoms

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10
Q

Why is the exact Onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus usually unknown?

A

Asymptomatic at onset (usually)

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11
Q

What do the C-Peptide levels show in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Low

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12
Q

What do the C-Peptide levels show in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Elevated (usually)

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13
Q

What Lab Finding is usually Present in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (absent in type 2 dm)?

A

Pancreatic Autoantibodies (eg, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody)

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14
Q

What are (2) other Autoimmune ENDOCRINE disorders that often occur with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  1. Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
  2. Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
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15
Q

What are (3) other NONendocrine Autoimmune Disorders that often occur with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  1. Pernicious Anemia
  2. Vitilago
  3. Celiac Disease
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16
Q

What are (2) Types of Insulin Secretagogues used in Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Sulfonylureas
  2. Meglitinides
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17
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action (MOA) for Insulin Secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas, meglitinides) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A

Increases Insulin Secretion by Inhibiting ß-Cell KATP channels.

18
Q

What are (2) Side Effects of Insulin Secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas, meglitinides) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Hypoglycemia
  2. Weight Gain
19
Q

Which Medication is known as a Biguanide in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

20
Q

What are (3) Mechanisms of Action (MOAs) for Biguanide medication (eg, Metformin) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Stimulates AMPK & Inhibit Mitochondrial Gluconeogenesis.
  2. DECREASE Hepatic Glucose production.
  3. INCREASE Peripheral Glucose uptake.
21
Q

What are (2) Side Effects of Biguanide medication (eg, metformin) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Lactic Acidosis
22
Q

What (2) Medications are known as Thiazolidinediones used in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Pioglitazone
  2. Rosiglitazone
23
Q

What are (2) Mechanisms of Action (MOA) of Thiazolidinediones (eg, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Activate Transcription Regulator PPAR-γ
  2. DECREASE Insulin Resistance
24
Q

What are (2) Side Effects of Thiazolidinediones (eg, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Fluid Retention from Heart Failure
  2. Weight GAIN
25
What (**2**) _Medications_ are known as *GLP-1 Agonists* used in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
1. **Exena**_tide_**** 2. **Liraglu**_tide_****
26
What are the (**3**) _Mechanisms of Action_ (MOA) for **GLP-1 Agonists** in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
1. **INCREASE Glucose-dependent Insulin Secretion.** 2. **DECREASE Glucagon Secretion.** 3. **Delay Gastric Emptying.**
27
What is (**1**) _Side Effect_ of **GLP-1 Agonists** in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
**Pancreatitis**
28
What (**2**) _Medications_ are known as **DPP4 Inhibitors** in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
1. **Sita**_gliptin_**** 2. **Saxa**_gliptin_****
29
What is the _Mechanism of Action_ for **DPP4 Inhibitors** in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
**INCREASES _Endogenous_ GLP-1 and GIP levels**
30
What is (**1**) _Side Effect_ of **DPP4 Inhibitors** in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
**Nasopharyngitis**
31
What (**2**) _Medications_ are known as **α-Glucosidase Inhibitors** in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
1. **Acarbose** 2. **Miglitol**
32
What is the _Mechanism of Action_ (MOA) for **α-Glucosidase Inhibitors** in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
**DECREASE Intestinal Disaccharide Absorption**
33
What are (**2**) _Side Effects_ of **α-Glucosidase Inhibitors** in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
1. **Diarrhea** 2. **Flatulence**
34
What (**2**) _Medications_ are known as **SGLT2 Inhibitors** in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
1. **Canagliflozin** 2. **Dapagliflozin**
35
What is the _Mechanism of Action_ for **SGLT2 Inhibitors** in the treatment of ***Type 2 DM***?
**INCREASE Renal Glucose Excretion**
36
What is _Responsible_ for the *Clinical Features* associated with ***Hyperthyroidism***?
**Sympathetic Overactivity**
37
What are (**7**) _Clinical Features_ associated with ***Hyperthyroidism***?
1. **Behavioral Disturbances** 2. **Weight Loss** 3. **Goiter** 4. **Proptosis** 5. **Tachycardia, with Wide Pulse Pressure** 6. **Tremor, Hyperreflexia** 7. **Warm, Clammy/Sweaty Skin**
38
What are (**3**) _Lab Findings_ in ***Grave's Disease***?
1. **Increased T3/T4** 2. **Decreased TSH** 3. **Positive Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI)**
39
What are (**3**) _Treatments_ for ***Hyperthyroidism***?
1. **Anti-Hyperthyroid meds** *(Methimazole, PTU)* 2. **+/- Radioactive Iodine** 3. **Surgical Thyroidectomy**
40
What are (**3**) _Complications_ of ***Hyperthyroidism***?
1. **Arrhythmia** 2. **Cardiomyopathy** 3. **Osteoporosis**

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