Endocrine - UWorld Flashcards
What is the Mechanism of Action (MOA) of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?
INCREASES Renal Glucose Excretion –> decreased blood glucose levels
What are (4) common Side Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?
- Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
- Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
- Polyuria
- Hypotension
What should patients with Grave’s Disease be started on to reduce Hyperthyroid symptoms?
Beta Blockers
Once the Hyperthyroid symptoms are controlled (with BBs) in a patient with Grave’s Disease, what (3) Treatment Modalities could be used to achieve a Euthyroid state?
- Antithyroid Drugs,
- Radioactive Iodine, or
- Surgical Thyroidectomy
What is the Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin DEFICIENCY
What is the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Insulin RESISTANCE (with relative insulin deficiency)
What are (2) common Demographics related with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
- Childhood to Early Adulthood (typically)
- Whites (more common)
What are (4) common Demographics related with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
- Adulthood (rare in children but increasing in prevalence)
- Minorities (more common)
- Obese (more common)
- + Family History
Describe the Onset of Clinical Features for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus:
Rapid (usually) with Osmotic Symptoms
Why is the exact Onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus usually unknown?
Asymptomatic at onset (usually)
What do the C-Peptide levels show in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
Low
What do the C-Peptide levels show in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
Elevated (usually)
What Lab Finding is usually Present in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (absent in type 2 dm)?
Pancreatic Autoantibodies (eg, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody)
What are (2) other Autoimmune ENDOCRINE disorders that often occur with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
- Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
- Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
What are (3) other NONendocrine Autoimmune Disorders that often occur with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?
- Pernicious Anemia
- Vitilago
- Celiac Disease
What are (2) Types of Insulin Secretagogues used in Type 2 DM?
- Sulfonylureas
- Meglitinides