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2.1) My Cards > Endocrine - UWorld > Flashcards

Endocrine - UWorld Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action (MOA) of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A

INCREASES Renal Glucose Excretion –> decreased blood glucose levels

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2
Q

What are (4) common Side Effects of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  • Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
  • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
  • Polyuria
  • Hypotension
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3
Q

What should patients with Grave’s Disease be started on to reduce Hyperthyroid symptoms?

A

Beta Blockers

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4
Q

Once the Hyperthyroid symptoms are controlled (with BBs) in a patient with Grave’s Disease, what (3) Treatment Modalities could be used to achieve a Euthyroid state?

A
  1. Antithyroid Drugs,
  2. Radioactive Iodine, or
  3. Surgical Thyroidectomy
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5
Q

What is the Pathophysiology of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Insulin DEFICIENCY

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6
Q

What is the Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Insulin RESISTANCE (with relative insulin deficiency)

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7
Q

What are (2) common Demographics related with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  1. Childhood to Early Adulthood (typically)
  2. Whites (more common)
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8
Q

What are (4) common Demographics related with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  1. Adulthood (rare in children but increasing in prevalence)
  2. Minorities (more common)
  3. Obese (more common)
  4. + Family History
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9
Q

Describe the Onset of Clinical Features for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus:

A

Rapid (usually) with Osmotic Symptoms

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10
Q

Why is the exact Onset of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus usually unknown?

A

Asymptomatic at onset (usually)

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11
Q

What do the C-Peptide levels show in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Low

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12
Q

What do the C-Peptide levels show in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Elevated (usually)

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13
Q

What Lab Finding is usually Present in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (absent in type 2 dm)?

A

Pancreatic Autoantibodies (eg, Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Antibody)

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14
Q

What are (2) other Autoimmune ENDOCRINE disorders that often occur with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  1. Primary Adrenal Insufficiency
  2. Autoimmune Thyroid Disease
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15
Q

What are (3) other NONendocrine Autoimmune Disorders that often occur with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus?

A
  1. Pernicious Anemia
  2. Vitilago
  3. Celiac Disease
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16
Q

What are (2) Types of Insulin Secretagogues used in Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Sulfonylureas
  2. Meglitinides
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17
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action (MOA) for Insulin Secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas, meglitinides) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A

Increases Insulin Secretion by Inhibiting ß-Cell KATP channels.

18
Q

What are (2) Side Effects of Insulin Secretagogues (eg, sulfonylureas, meglitinides) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Hypoglycemia
  2. Weight Gain
19
Q

Which Medication is known as a Biguanide in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

20
Q

What are (3) Mechanisms of Action (MOAs) for Biguanide medication (eg, Metformin) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Stimulates AMPK & Inhibit Mitochondrial Gluconeogenesis.
  2. DECREASE Hepatic Glucose production.
  3. INCREASE Peripheral Glucose uptake.
21
Q

What are (2) Side Effects of Biguanide medication (eg, metformin) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Lactic Acidosis
22
Q

What (2) Medications are known as Thiazolidinediones used in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Pioglitazone
  2. Rosiglitazone
23
Q

What are (2) Mechanisms of Action (MOA) of Thiazolidinediones (eg, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Activate Transcription Regulator PPAR-γ
  2. DECREASE Insulin Resistance
24
Q

What are (2) Side Effects of Thiazolidinediones (eg, pioglitazone, rosiglitazone) in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Fluid Retention from Heart Failure
  2. Weight GAIN
25
Q

What (2) Medications are known as GLP-1 Agonists used in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Exenatide**
  2. Liraglutide**
26
Q

What are the (3) Mechanisms of Action (MOA) for GLP-1 Agonists in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. INCREASE Glucose-dependent Insulin Secretion.
  2. DECREASE Glucagon Secretion.
  3. Delay Gastric Emptying.
27
Q

What is (1) Side Effect of GLP-1 Agonists in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A

Pancreatitis

28
Q

What (2) Medications are known as DPP4 Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Sitagliptin**
  2. Saxagliptin**
29
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action for DPP4 Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A

INCREASES Endogenous GLP-1 and GIP levels

30
Q

What is (1) Side Effect of DPP4 Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A

Nasopharyngitis

31
Q

What (2) Medications are known as α-Glucosidase Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Acarbose
  2. Miglitol
32
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action (MOA) for α-Glucosidase Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A

DECREASE Intestinal Disaccharide Absorption

33
Q

What are (2) Side Effects of α-Glucosidase Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. Flatulence
34
Q

What (2) Medications are known as SGLT2 Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A
  1. Canagliflozin
  2. Dapagliflozin
35
Q

What is the Mechanism of Action for SGLT2 Inhibitors in the treatment of Type 2 DM?

A

INCREASE Renal Glucose Excretion

36
Q

What is Responsible for the Clinical Features associated with Hyperthyroidism?

A

Sympathetic Overactivity

37
Q

What are (7) Clinical Features associated with Hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Behavioral Disturbances
  2. Weight Loss
  3. Goiter
  4. Proptosis
  5. Tachycardia, with Wide Pulse Pressure
  6. Tremor, Hyperreflexia
  7. Warm, Clammy/Sweaty Skin
38
Q

What are (3) Lab Findings in Grave’s Disease?

A
  1. Increased T3/T4
  2. Decreased TSH
  3. Positive Thyroid Stimulating Immunoglobulin (TSI)
39
Q

What are (3) Treatments for Hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Anti-Hyperthyroid meds (Methimazole, PTU)
  2. +/- Radioactive Iodine
  3. Surgical Thyroidectomy
40
Q

What are (3) Complications of Hyperthyroidism?

A
  1. Arrhythmia
  2. Cardiomyopathy
  3. Osteoporosis

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