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Pharmacology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Solubility of peptide/proteins

A

Water

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2
Q

Solubility of catecholamines

A

Water

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3
Q

Solubility of Iodothyronines

A

Lipid

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4
Q

Solubility of steroids

A

Lipid

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5
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

GH, LH/FSH, TSH, ACTH, PRL

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6
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH, oxytocin

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7
Q

Drug to replace ADH and indications

A

Desmopressin

Used for neurogenic DI, primary nocturnal enuresis, and hemophilia A

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8
Q

Drugs to replace dopamine

A

Bromocriptine, Cabergoline

Used for hyperprolactinemia

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9
Q

Drug to replace GH

A

Somatropin

Used for growth failure

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10
Q

Drug to replace somatostatin

A

Octreotide

Used for acromegaly/gigantism, pancreatic/GI tumors

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11
Q

Drug to replace ACTH

A

Cosyntropin

Used for infantile spasms

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12
Q

Major androgens

A

Testosterone, DHT, and estrogen

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13
Q

Testosterone action

A

Spermatogenesis, muscle growth, bone growth, increased RBC

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14
Q

DHT action

A

Acne, male pattern baldness, prostatic hyperplasia

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15
Q

Therapeutic uses for endogeneous androgens

A

Male hypogonadism, decrease in testosterone with aging, genetics

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16
Q

Testosterone derivatives used for anabolic steroids

A

Methyltestosterone and nandrolone

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17
Q

DHT derivatives

A

Oxandrolone and Stanozol

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18
Q

Adverse effects of anabolic steroids

A

Increased HR and htn, polycythemia, increased liver enzymes and decreased clotting factors, glucose intolerance, increased risk of BPH, acne, baldness, aggressiveness

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19
Q

Treatment of BPH

A

5a reductase inhibitors to block production of DHT

Finasteride and Dutasteride

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20
Q

Most prevalent natural estrogen

A

17B-estradiol

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21
Q

Clinical uses for estrogen

A

Oral contraceptives, postmenopausal, hypogonadism, dysmenorrhea, abnormal uterine bleeding

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22
Q

Adverse effects of giving estrogen

A

Nausea, bloating, HA, thromboembolism, increased breast cancer and endometrial cancer risk

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23
Q

Contraindications for estrogen

A

Thromboembolitic disease, cerebral vascular disease, MI, CAD, smoking, breast CA, endometrial CA, known or suspected pregnancy, impaired liver function

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24
Q

Conjugated equine estrogens

A

Used for hormone replacement therapy

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25
Q

Ethinyl Estradiol

A

Used in oral contraceptive pills

26
Q

Raloxifene

A

Used to treat osteoporosis, does not increase risk of CA

27
Q

Clomiphene

A

Increase ovulation

increases risk of multiple births

28
Q

Natural progestins

A

Pregnenolone, 17a-hydroxypregnenolone, progesterone, 17a-hydroxyprogesterone

29
Q

Progestins are precursors for

A

Androgens, estrogens, glucocorticoids

30
Q

Effects of giving progestin

A

Maturation of endometrium, LH surge, breast growth

31
Q

Clinical uses of progestin

A

Combo with estrogen to decrease risk of CA, progestin only OC for lactating women

32
Q

Adverse effects of progestin

A

Weight gain, hirsutism, acne, tiredness, depression, glucose intolerance, increased LDL and decreased HDL

33
Q

Adrenocortical steroids

A

Glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

Involved in metabolism, blood pressure due to salt retention, immune system and inflammation, CNS

34
Q

Main endogenous glucocorticoid

A

Cortisol

35
Q

Therapeutic uses for glucocorticoids

A

Management of inflammatory disorders, immunosupressants, congenital defects in steroid synthesis, treatment of glucocorticoid deficiency, fetal lung maturity

36
Q

Most common synthetic glucocorticoids

A

Hydrocortison, prednisolone, prednisone, betamethasone

37
Q

Adverse effects of synthetic glucocorticoids

A

Drug induced cushing syndrome, ACTH suppression

38
Q

Main endogenous mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone

39
Q

Fludrocortisone

A

Used in patients with adrenal insufficiency

40
Q

Goal of tx of type 2 diabetes

A

HbA1c <7%

41
Q

Lispro + Aspart

A

5-5 min onset
1-1.5 hour peak
3-4 hour duration

42
Q

Human regular insulin

A

30-60 min onset
2 hour peak
6-8 hour duration

43
Q

Human NPH

A

2-4 hour onset
6-7 hour peak
10-20 hour duration

44
Q

Glargine

A

1.5 hour onset
flat- no peak
24 hour duration

45
Q

Detemir

A

1 hour onset
flat-no peak
17 hour duration

46
Q

MOA of insulin admin

A

Insulin receptor stimulation activates tyrosine kinase receptor
Causes up regulation of GLUT 4 increasing glucose uptake
Increases glucose utilization in liver and muscle

47
Q

Metformin

A

given PO for type 2 diabetes
Does not increase insulin so does not cause hypoglycemia or weight gain
Increases tissue sensitivity to insulin

48
Q

Adverse effects of metformin

A

lactic acidosis, decreased absorption of folate and B12, GI upset

49
Q

Sulfonylureas

A

Increase insulin release
Block ATP dependent K+ channels in beta cells of pancreas
First generation: -amide
Second generation: gli -ide

50
Q

Thiazolidinediones

A

Stimulate PPAR-gamma altering expression of insulin-responsive genes; sensitize tissues to insulin and decrease hepatic gluconeogenesis
Similar to metformin

51
Q

GLP-1 agonist

A

-glutides

GLP-1 is released by gut after oral administration of glucose: increases insulin and decreases glucagon

52
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors

A

Prolong action of endogenous GLP-1

-gliptins

53
Q

Treatment of hypothyroidism

A

Levothyroxine- T4

54
Q

Propylthiouracil and methimazole

A

Thyroid peroxidase inhibitors

Blocks formation of thyroid hormones– tx for hyperthyroidism

55
Q

Propranolol

A

Blocks conversion of T4 to T3
Used for symptomatic relief of hyperthyroidism
Initial DOC in thyroid storm

56
Q

Radioactive Iodine

A

Destroys thyroid gland

57
Q

Vitamin D supplementation used for

A

Rickets, osteomalacia, hypothyroidism

No effect on osteoporosis

58
Q

Biphosphanates

A

Stabilize hydroxyapatite bone structure
Used for Paget disease and osteoporosis
-dronate

59
Q

Calcitonin

A

Inhibits osteoclastic bone resorption

Administered as intranasal spray for post menopausal osteoporosis

60
Q

Teriparatide

A

PTH analog
Stimulates osteoblasts if taken only once a day
Increased risk of osteosarcoma

Pharmacology (56 decks)

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