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Gastrointestinal > Colorectal Carcinoma > Flashcards

Colorectal Carcinoma Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main causes of colorectal cancer?

A 
Pre-existing polyps 
Inflammatory conditions 
Genetics
Diet
Smoking and alcohol
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2
Q

What inflammatory conditions can cause colorectal cancer?

A

Ulcerative colitis
Crohn’s disease
Lymphoid hyperplasia

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3
Q

Which genetics can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer?

A

FAP

HNPCC

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4
Q

Which aspects of the diet can increase the risk of developing colorectal cancer?

A

Low fibre

High red meat

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5
Q

What are the main symptoms of colorectal cancer?

A 
Change in bowel habits 
Weight loss
PR bleeding 
Iron deficiency anaemia 
Tenesmus
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6
Q

What type of anaemia is associated with colorectal cancer?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

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7
Q

What are red flags in someone who is 40-60?

A

Rectal bleeding
Change in bowel habits
–For more than 6 weeks

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8
Q

What are red flags in someone who is more than 60?

A

Rectal bleeding
OR
Change in bowel habits
–For more than 6 weeks

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9
Q

What are 2 general red flag symptoms?

A

Palpable abdominal or rectal mass

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10
Q

What is the gold standard investigation for colorectal cancer?

A

Endoscopy- to visualise the colon

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11
Q

What would you do if a colonoscopy can’t be preformed?

A

CT colonoscopy

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12
Q

What would you use to stage colon cancer?

A

CT of chest, abdomen and pelvis

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13
Q

What would you use to monitor response to intervention of colorectal cancer?

A

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

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14
Q

What would you carry out before a colonoscopy?

A

Faecal occult blood test

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15
Q

Why would you carry out a FOB in someone over 50?

A

Unexplained abdominal pain
Or
Unexplained weight loss

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16
Q

Why would you carry out a FOB in someone younger than 60?

A

Changes in bowel habits
OR
Iron deficiency anaemia

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17
Q

Why would you carry out a FOB in someone over 60?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia

18
Q

What is used to classify colorectal cancer?

A

Dukes criteria

19
Q

What is Dukes A?

A

Confined to mucosa and part of the muscle of the bowel wall

20
Q

What is Dukes B?

A

Extending through the muscle of the bowel wall

21
Q

What is Dukes C?

A

Lymph node involvement

22
Q

What is Dukes D?

A

Metastatic disease

23
Q

What does the TNM classification stand for?

A

Tumour
Node
Metastasis

24
Q

What does Tx mean?

A

Unable to assess size

25
Q

What does T1 mean?

A

Submucosa involvement

26
Q

What does T2 mean?

A

Involvement of muscularis propria (muscle layer)

27
Q

What does T3 mean?

A

Involvement of the subserosa and serosa (outer layer), but not through the serosa

28
Q

What does T4 mean?

A

A)spread through the serosa

B) reaching other tissues or organs

29
Q

What does Nx mean?

A

Unable to assess nodes

30
Q

What does N0 mean?

A

No nodal spread

31
Q

What does N1 mean?

A

Spread to 1-3 nodes

32
Q

What does N2 mean?

A

Spread to more than 3 nodes

33
Q

What does M0 mean?

A

No metastasis

34
Q

What does M1 mean?

A

Metastasis

35
Q

What is the management of colorectal cancer?

A

Colectomy

36
Q

What can a colectomy be?

A

Curative or Palliative

37
Q

What does a colectomy involve?

A

Removal of tumour and create end to end anastomosis

38
Q

Tumours in which areas are treated with a right hemicolectomy?

A

Caecum
Ascending colon
Transverse colon

39
Q

Tumours in which areas are treated with a left hemicolectomy?

A

Distal transverse colon

Descending colon

40
Q

Tumours in which areas are treated with a sigmoid colectomy?

A

Sigmoid colon

41
Q

Tumours in which areas are treated with an anterior resection?

A

Low sigmoid colon

High rectum

42
Q

Tumours in which areas are treated with an abdominoperineal resection?

A

Lower rectum

Gastrointestinal (65 decks)

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