CHh 10 Interior Construction Flashcards
1
Q
What is the difference between interior construction and finishes?
A
Interior construction consists of those building elements that are assembies of several components. This is in contrast with finishes, which are single materials surface applied to another substrate.
2
Q
What are the three most frequently used materials for partitions?
A
Gypsum Wallboard, Lath and Plaster, & Masonry
3
Q
What is the most common type of partition?
A
Wallboard
4
Q
What type of partition is specified least by interior designers?
A
Masonry
5
Q
Gypsum Wallboard
A
Consists of a gypsum core sandwiched between heavy paper or other materials. It is factory formed into standard sized sheets ready for dry application onto framing.
6
Q
What are the advantages of GWB?
A
Lost installation cost, quick and easy installation, fire resistance, sound control capability, easy availability, versatility, ease of finishing and decorating, and ease of installation of doors and other openings.
7
Q
What are the standard sizes of GWB?
A
4’ wide sheets in lengths of: 8’, 10’, 12’ and 14’, with thicknesses ranging from 1/4” to 5/8”
8
Q
What thickness of GWB is used for most commercial installations?
A
5/8”
9
Q
What thickness of GWB is used for most residential installations?
A
1/2”
10
Q
What is 1/4” thick GWB used for?
A
Curves surfaces and for providing new finishes over old wall and ceiling surfaces.
11
Q
When is double-layer GWB applied?
A
When additional fire resistance is required or for extra acoustical control between rooms.
12
Q
What are the different edge types of GWB used for?
A
Tapered: Most common with tapered edge on the face side along the long dimension of the panel. Allows for application of reinforcing tape and joint compound without causing bulges at the joints. Square-Edge: Used when appearance is not a factor, for base laters of two-layer applications, and for veneer plaster work.
13
Q
What type of GWB is used for fire-rated partitions?
A
Type X
14
Q
What type of GWB is used for vapor barriers?
A
Foil-Backed
15
Q
What type of GWB is used for moderately moist conditions & behind tile?
A
Water-Resistant
16
Q
What type of GWB is used for two-layer applications?
A
Backing Board
17
Q
What organization has standardized finishes of GBW?
A
Gypsum Association
18
Q
What document describes the standardized GWB finishes?
A
GA-214-CCD, Recommended Levels of Gypsum Board Finish
19
Q
GWB Finish - Level 0
A
No taping, finishing or accessories.
20
Q
GWB Finish - Level 1
A
Joints and interior angles have taped embedding in joint compound w/ the surface free of exress joint compound. (Used for plenums above ceilings and areas not viewed)
21
Q
GWB Finish - Level 2
A
All joints and interior angles have taped embedded in joint compound, and ONE separate coat of compound is applied over all joints, angles, fastener heads and accessories. (Used where water-resistant backing board is used as a substrate for tile and in other areas where appearance is not critical)
22
Q
GWB Finish - Level 3
A
All joints and interior angles have taped embedded in joint compound, and TWO separate coats of compound is pplied over all joints, angles, fastener heads and accessories. The surface is free of tool marks and ridges. (Used where the surface will receive heavy- or medium- textured finishes or where heavy-grade wall coverings are to be applied.)
23
Q
GWB Finish - Level 4
A
All joints and interior angles have taped embedded in joint compound, and THREE separate coats of compound is applied over all joints, angles, fastener heads and accessories. The surface is free of tool marks and ridges. (This level is used where light textures or wall coverings will be applied, or where economy is of concern. **Gloss, semigloss and enamel paints are not recommended over this level of finish.)
24
Q
GWB Finish - Level 5
A
All joints and interior angles have taped embedded in joint compound, and THREE separate coats of compound is applied over all joints, angles, fastener heads and accessories. A THIN SKIM COAT of joint compound is applied over the entire surface. The surface is free of tool marks and ridges. (Used when gloss, semigloss, enamel or nontextured flat paints are specified, or where severe lighting exists.)
25
What paints are NOT recommended for Level 4 GWB finishing?
Gloss, semigloss and enamel paints are not recommended over this level of finish.
26
When should Level 5 GWB finishing be used?
When gloss, semigloss, enamel or nontextured flat paints are specified, or where severe lighting exists
27
When should a Level 3 GWB finishing be used?
Where the surface will receive heavy- or medium- textured finishes or where heavy-grade wall coverings are to be applied.
28
When should a Level 2 GWB finishing be used?
Where water-resistant backing board is used as a substrate for tile and in other areas where appearance is not critical.
29
When should a Level 1 GWB finishing be used?
Used for plenums above ceilings and areas not viewed.
30
What standard stud depths do steel studs come in?
1-5/8", 2-1/2", 3-5/8", 4", and 6"
31
When should heavier metal studs be used, as opposed to standard lightweight studs?
For high partitions and where other structural considerations are important.
32
When are hat channels used?
Used for ceiling framing and for furring out concrete masonry if the walls are uneven or if additional depth is needed for outlets or insulation.
33
Resilient Channels
Used to improve the acoustical properties of a wall by isolating the wallboard from rigid attachment to the framing.
34
What is the depth of a stud dependent on?
The height of the partition, the gauge of the stud, the number of layers of wallboard, and the spacing of studs.
35
The most commonly used stud size is ____.
2-1/2"
36
Metal studs for commercial construction are spaced ____.
24" O.C.
37
Metal studs for residential construction are spaced ____.
16" O.C.
38
Wallboard for commercial construction is ____ thick.
5/8"
39
Wallboard for residential construction is ____ thick.
1/2"
40
LC Bead
Edge trim requiring finishing WITH joint compound, with a back flange (so it must be fitted over the edge of the wallboard BEFORE its fastened to the substrate).
41
L Bead
Edge trim WITHOUT a back flange; good for installation after the wallboard has been installed. It requires finishing with joint compound.
42
JK Bead
Edge trim used with various thicknesses of wallboard in a kerfed jamb. It requires finishing with joint compound.
43
Kerfed Jamb
Jamb with one small slot cut in (used with LK bead edge trim for GWB)
44
U Bead
Edge trim for use with the edge of the metal is noticeable, also called "J metal". It doesn't require finishing with joint compound.
45
What type of edge beads require joint compound?
LC Bead, L Bead, LK Bead
46
What type of edge beads do not require joint compound?
U Bead
47
What is a common residential partition constructed of?
2" x 4" studs 16" O.C. covered with 1 layer of GWB on each side.
48
What are the two typical metal stud sizes used in commercial construction?
2-1/2" or 3-5/8" spaces 24" O.C.
49
What is a 1-hour fire-resistive rated wall constructed of?
Slab-to-slab partition with a single layer of 5/8" Type X GWB on each side.
50
What is a 2-hour fire-resistive rated wall constructed of?
Slab-to-slab partition with a double layer of 5/8" Type X GWB on each side.
51
A standard partition in commercial construction is built to the ______ _______.
Suspended Ceiling
52
When is a slab-to-slab partition used?
When a complete fire-rated barrier must be constructed, or when sound control is needed.
53
Besides partitions, GWB can be used for _______ and to provide ______ protection for columns, stairways, and elevator shafts.
Ceilings; Fire
54
What must be designed when a partition extends to the structure above in commercial buildings?
Slip Joint
55
Synthetic Gypsum
Chemically identical to natural, mined gypsum, but is a byproduct of various manufacturing, industrial, or chemical processes.
56
Synthetic gypsum accounts for about ___ % of total industry gypsum use.
7
57
Flue-Gas Desulfurization
Process whereby power-generating plants remove polluting gases from their stacks to reduce emission of harmful materials into the atmosphere. This is the main source of synthetic gypsum in North America.
58
What are flue-gas desulfurization byproducts used for?
Allows the efficient use of refuse material that would otherwise have to be discarded.
59
Although demo'd GWB cannot be reused for its original purpose, what ways can it be recycled?
Wallboard without lead paint, screws, nails, or asbestos is being recycled; old wallboard can be pulverized and worked into the ground as a soil additive.
60
Glass-Reinforced Gypsum (GRG)
Refers to a broad class of products manufactured from high-strength, high-density gypsum reinforced with continuous-filament glass fibers or chopped glass fibers. (also known as Fiberglass-Reinforced Gypsum, or FRG, and Glassfiber-Reinforced Gypsum (GFRG).
61
What are GRG elements used for?
Decorative elements, such as column covers, arches, coffered ceilings, moldings, light troughs, and trim.
62
How are GRG elements made?
Premanufactured product that is made by pouring GRG into molds. After setting, the products are shipped to the job site for installation and final finishing. They can be finished with any material that can be put on plaster or GWB.
63
Plaster
A finish material made from various types of cementing compounds, fine aggregate, and water, and is applied over several kinds of base materials in one to three coats to form a smooth, level surface.
64
What is the difference between plaster and stucco?
Plaster is for interior use; Stucco is an exterior type of plaster made with portland cement.
65
What is plaster made from?
Gypsum, lime, water, and aggregates of sand, vermiculite, or perlite.
66
When is vermiculite or perlite used in plaster?
When fire-resistant plaster is needed.
67
Keene's Cement
A plaster that has a high resistance to abrasion and water penetration, and is used in wet areas or on walls subject to scratching or abuse. Portland cement must be used as the base coat for Keene's cement or as a backing for tile walls.
68
What are the two types of plaster construction?
Traditional (metal laths) and Gypsum Board Lath
69
What are the available types of metal lath?
Expanded diamond mesh, flat-rib lath, and high-rib lath.
70
Scratch Coat
First coat of plaster which is applied to the metal lath and runs between and partially around the lath, firmly keying the plaster to the lath. (1/4" to 1/2")
71
Brown Coat
The second plaster coat, after the scratch coat, which is used to level the surface. (about 1/4")
72
Finish Coat
Third and final coat of plaster that provides final leveling and the desired texture to the surface. (1/8" thick)
73
What does two-coat plaster work consist of?
Scratch and Brown Coats
74
Gypsum Lath
A special gypsum product made specifically for plastering, and is available in 16" x 48" boards applied horizontally to studs, or as 48" x 96" sheets.
75
How is plaster applied over gypsum lath?
One or two coats of thin veneer plaster are applied over the boards.
76
What is the benefit of veneer plaster?
It reduces labor because only one coat is needed, but it still retains the hard, durable surface of plaster that can be finished in a variety of textures.
77
Like GWB, the edges of plaster must be finished with _____.
Trim
78
When is plaster typically used?
When curved shapes are required or where are hard, abrasion-resistant surface is needed. It also may be used as a base for ceramic tiles in areas subject to continual dampness.
79
Masonry
General term that includes brick, concrete block, glass block, structural clay tile, terra-cotta, and gypsum block.
80
What type of masonry is the most commonly specified by designers?
Glass-block or concrete block
81
What are the pros of concrete block partitions?
When a strong, durable fire-resistant partition is needed.
82
What are the cons of concrete block partitions?
It's very heavy compared with GWB, and it is not an attractive finish surface. Its weight will need to be evaluated by an architect or structural engineer.
83
What are concrete blocks made of?
Cement, water, and various types of aggregate, including gravel, expanded shale or slate, expanded slag or pumice, or limestone cinders.
84
What are common CMU sizes?
Most common is 8 x 8 x 16 (Nominal, with actual being 7-5/8 & 15-5/8 actual). Common nominal thicknesses are 4, 6, 8, and 12 inches.
85
What is a popular material choice when a combination of light transmission, privacy, and security is required?
Glass Block
86
What are the standard glass block sizes and thickness?
Nominal thickness of 4" with face sizes of 6" x 6", 8" x 8", 12" x 12", and 4" x 8"
87
How are glass blocks laid?
Stack bond (joints aligned rather than staggered) with mortar and horizontal and vertical reinforcement in joints.
88
What must be provided at glass block joints and why?
Expansion joints around the perimeter of glass block walls because of the coefficient of expansion of glass and the possibility of deflection of the floor structure.
89
Glass blocks cannot be ____________.
Loadbearing
90
What are individual glass block panels limited to in size?
250 sf or 25 ft in any dimension.
91
How must a glass block wall be designed?
The width and height of the opening should be an even multiple of the size of block being used, and allow for required expansion and framing. Also, the deflection of the floors, beams or other structural members supporting the glass block must not exceed 1/600 of the span of the structural member. Verification by a structural engineer is necessary.
92
Demountable Partition
A system of individual components that can be quickly assembled, disassembled, and reused with nearly total salvageability. The components are prefinished and designed as a system.
93
How can demountable partitions make initial construction faster?
Because floors, ceilings, lighting, and mechanical work can be installed alter.
94
Although demountable partitions have a higher initial cost, they have lower _____-______ costs because of the savings in material and labor costs in offices where space plans are changed frequently.
Life-Cycle
95
What are the four major components of a demountable partition system?
Floor Runners, Ceiling Runners, Stud Sections w/ clips to hold the panels, and Prefinished Gypsum Wallboard Panels. (other components include door frames, glazing, bank rails, openings, and similar common components).
96
How are GWB panels of demountable partition systems finished?
Covered with vinyl wall covering in a range of standard colors and patterns.
97
What are the sizes of demountable partition system wall panels?
24" or 30" wide, to work with common building planning modules of 4' or 5'.
98
What does a demountable partition look like when it is finished?
There are small vertical joints between the panels, and the top track is visible as it overlaps the panel at the ceiling. A standard mfg's base snaps on at the floor line.
99
Where does the bottom track of a demountable partition rest?
Either directly on the structural floor or on the finished floor like a standard GWB floor runner.
100
How does the top track of a demountable partition installed?
It is attached directly to the suspended ceiling systems (as with standard construction) except that the flange of the track overlaps the panel and is visible in the final installation.
101
What are the two available partition systems available?
Progressive and Nonprogressive
102
What is the difference between a Progressive and Nonprogressive partition system?
Progressive panels must be installed/removed in a sequence, whereas nonprogressive panels can be removed/replaced individually. Progressive are less expensive but are much less flexible.
103
Why do panel systems space plans need to be laid out on the building grid (which should coincide with the ceiling grid)?
To coordinate with the lighting, HVAC, window mullions, and suspended ceiling systems. The relocation of these elements is minimized when partitions change.
104
Why should slotted ceiling grids be used with panel systems?
Slotted grids allow the top track of the panels to be screwed into the grid without damaging its appearance when the track is moved.
105
What are the three major components of a door system?
Door, Frame & Hardware
106
Hinge Jamb
The side where the hinge or pivot is installed on a door.
107
Strike Jamb (Strike Side)
The jamb where the door closes.
108
What is the most common type of door for commercial and residential construction?
Wood
109
What are the two types of wood doors?
Flush and Panel
110
Why should a panel door not be used in a fire-rated partition?
Because these doors do not meet the required fire resistance rating.
111
What is the only type of door acceptable as a required exit door?
Swinging Door
112
When should pocket sliding doors be used?
Only when traffic is limited because they are awkward to operate, and where space is limited.
113
Bypass sliding doors are usually only used for ________.
Closets
114
Accordian folding doors are used to do what?
Divide spaces or close very wide openings.
115
What are flush wood doors made of?
Thin, flat veneers laminated to various types of cores, either hollow core or solid core.
116
What are hollow-core doors made of?
One or three plies of veneer on each side of a cellular interior. The frame is made of solid wood with larger blocks of solid wood where the latching hardware is located. They have NO FIRE-RESISTIVE CAPABILITIES.
117
When should hollow-core doors be used?
Only when light use is expected and cost is a consideration. They have NO FIRE-RESISTIVE CAPABILITIES.
118
What are solid-core doors made of?
A variety of core types depending on the functional requirements. Cores may be particleboard, stave core (solid blocks of wood), or mineral core for fire-rated doors.
119
Why are solid-core doors used?
For their fire-resistive properties, as acoustic barriers, security, and superior durability.
120
What are the available fire ratings for solid-core doors?
20 minutes, 45 minutes, or 90 minutes.
121
What are the veneer cuts available for wood doors?
Rotary-cut, plain-sliced, quarter-sliced, or rift-cut methods, just as wood paneling is made. (Veneers of hardboard for painting or plastic laminate are also available)
122
How are panel doors constructed?
Solid pieces of wood that frame various types of panels, which can be of any number and style. Stile are the vertical pieces and rails are the horizontal pieces (top rail, cross rail & bottom rail).
123
What are the standard widths and heights of wood doors?
Width are 2'-0", 2'-4", 2'-6", 2'-8", and 3'-0". Heights are 6'-8" and 7'-0". (Taller doors are also available, which can be used in commercial construction).
124
How thick are wood doors?
1-3/8" thick for hollow core, and 1-3/4" for solid core doors.
125
What three materials are used for wood door frames?
Wood, Steel (hollow metal), and Aluminum
126
What are the determining factors when selecting a wood door's frame?
Appearance desired, the type of partition the opening is being installed in, the fire-rating requirements, and the security needed.
127
What fire door assembly ratings can a wood frame be used in?
20-, 30-, and 45-minute fire door assemblies.
128
What frame must be installed with a one-hour wood?
One-hour door must be installed in a rated steel frame.
129
What are the three most common types of metal doors?
Flush, Sash, & Louvered
130
Sash Door
Metal doors with one or more glass lights.
131
Louvered Door
Metal door with an opening with metal slats to provide ventilation.
132
Paneled Steel Doors
Metal doors which resemble wood panel doors, and are available with insulated cores for residential use where energy conservation, durability and a traditional appearance are required.
133
What are the common metals that metal doors are made of?
Steel, Stainless Steel, Aluminum and Bronze
134
What is the most common metal door material/finish?
Steel with a painted finish.
135
Steel doors are constructed with faced of ____-______ sheet steel.
Cold-Rolled
136
___-gauge steel is used for light-duty doors, but ___-gauge is most common.
18; 16
137
What are the different types of cores for metal doors?
Honeycomb kraft paper, steel ribs, hardboard, or other materials.
138
What are the edges of metal doors made of?
Steel channels with locations for hardware reinforced with heavier gauge steel.
139
What material is commonly used for sound-deadening qualities in metal doors?
Mineral Wool
140
What are the standard widths and heights of metal doors?
Width are 2'-0", 2'-4", 2'-6", 2'-8", 3'-0", 3'-4", 3'-6", 3'-8" and 4'-0". Heights are 6'-8", 7'-0" and 8'-0".
141
What is the standard thickness of metal doors?
1-3/4"
142
How are steel door frames made?
Sheet steel bent into the shape required for the door installation.
143
When a fire-rating over ___ minutes is required, a steel frame is used almost exclusively.
20
144
What type of door is aluminum commonly used for?
Glass doors, as a stile and rail material.
145
What type of doors are aluminum frames used with?
Aluminum glass doors and wood doors.
146
When are aluminum frames most commonly used?
In interior construction to frame wood doors when a lightweight, easily assembled frame is required. They are also used in many demountable partition systems, or when a complex frame profile is required.
147
How are aluminum frames formed?
By extrusion, allowing intricate shapes to be easily formed.
148
What is the common aluminum frame configuration?
Most are a double-rabbeted shape with a continuous stop, similar to a steel frame.
149
What is a noticeable difference between a steel and an aluminum frame?
Aluminum frames have sharp corners, as opposed to slightly rounded corners of steel frames.
150
What fire-rating assemblies are available for aluminum frames?
20 minutes fire-rating opening assemblies.
151
What are the only metals that may contact an aluminum frame?
Stainless Steel or Zinc
152
How can contact with dissimilar metals be prevented with aluminum frames?
Use bituminous paint or nonmetallic gaskets to prevent galvanic action.
153
Aluminum framing used with demountable partition systems may substitute prefinished GWB panels for ______ ________ construction.
Standard Wallboard
154
Glass Doors (All-Glass Doors)
Doors constructed primarily of glass and having fittings to hold the pivots and other hardware. Their strength depends on the glass rather than the framing.
155
How are glass doors different from sash doors?
Sash doors have a frame around all four sides of the glass.
156
What are the two typical glass thicknesses used for making glass doors?
1/2" and 3/4" thick tempered glass.
157
What are common glass door sizes?
36" W ad 7'-0" H, although many architects specify doors at the same height as the ceiling.
158
What are continuous fittings on glass doors for?
Also called shoes, continuous fittings run the width of the door, and can either be just the bottom fitting or both top and bottom. If a lock is required on a glass door, the bottom fitting may be continuous across the door to allow a dead bolt to be installed.
159
Glass for doors must be ___________.
Tempered
160
What may modifications in the glass of a door be made?
Before the glass is tempered.
161
What are the ways a glass door can be installed?
Between sidelights, or with or without a frame.
162
What materials are glass door jambs available in?
Aluminum, Wood, or Ornamental Metal (although jambs are not necessary)
163
Glass doors cannot be ___-______.
Fire-Rated
164
Most codes prohibit the use of a simple dead bolt in the bottom fitting in _____ doors.
Exit
165
Hinges
The most common method of attaching a door to its frame, and consist of two leaves with an odd number of knuckles on one leaf and an even number of knuckles on the other. The knuckles are attached with a pin. The knuckles and pin form the barrel of the hinge, which is finished with a tip.
166
What are typical types of tips of hinges?
Flat Button, Hospital, & Oval Head
167
What type of hinge tips are the most common, and are used when no others are specified?
Flat Button
168
What type of hinge tips are concealed within the knuckle?
Flush
169
What type of hinge tips have a sloped end to make cleaning easy and to prevent attachment of ropes or cords?
Hospital
170
What are some other types of hinge tips?
Ball Types, Steeple Tips, & Flush Tips
171
What hinge is the most common type?
Full Mortise (Butt Hinge)
172
Full Mortise (Butt Hinge)
Hinge that has borh leaves fully mortised into the frame and the edge of the door so the hinge is flush with the surface of the frame and door.
173
Raised Barrel Hinges
Hinges used when there is not room for the barrel to extend past the door trim. The barrel is offset to allow one leaf to be mortised into the frame.
174
Swing Clear Hinges
Hinges that have a special shape that allows the door to swing 90 or 95 degrees so the full opening of the doorway is available.
175
What happens to the door width if swing clear hinges are NOT used?
Standard butt hinges decrease the opening width by the thickness of the door when it's open 90 degrees.
176
Hinges are available with or without ____ _______.
Ball Bearings
177
Hinges are available in three _______.
Weights
178
What type of hinges do low-frequency doors, like residential doors, use?
Standard-weight PLAIN-bearing Hinges
179
What type of hinges do most commercial applications require?
Standard-weight BALL-bearing Hinges
180
What type of hinges do high-frequency doors, such as office building entrances, theaters, etc. require?
Heavyweight BALL-bearing Hinges
181
What type of hinges are required for fire-rated assemblies and on all doors with closers?
Ball-Bearing Hinges
182
What determines the number of hinges?
The height of the door.
183
Numbers of hinges are equated with _____.
Pairs
184
Doors up to 60" high requires _____ hinges.
Two (1 pair)
185
Doors 60" to 90" high requires _____ hinges.
Three (1-1/2 pair)
186
Doors 90" to 120" high requires _____ hinges.
Four (2 pair)
187
What is the difference between a latchset and a lockset?
A latchset only holds to door in place, with no provision for locking.
188
What are the most common types of locksets and latchsets?
Cylindrical Lock (Bored Lock), Mortise Lock, and Unit Lock (Preassembled Lock)
189
Cylindrical Lock
Inexpensive lock that is simple to install in holes drill in the door. Comes in light duty, standard duty, and heavy duty.
190
What is the most common type of lock for residential construction?
Cylindrical Lock
191
Mortise Lock
Lock that is installed in a rectangular area cut out of a door, and is more secure than a cylindrical lock and offers a much wider variety of locking options.
192
Preassembled Lock
Lock in which the mechanism is in a rectangular box that fits within a notch cut in the edge of the door. It is easier to install than a mortise lock.
193
Pivots
An alternative way to hang doors where the appearance of hinges is objectionable or where a frameless door design may make it impossible to use hinges.
194
How are pivots mounted?
Used in pairs, the bottom pivot is mounted in or on the floor and the other is mounted in the head frame. They may be center-hung of offset.
195
What type of pivots do tall or heavy doors require?
Offet pivots with one or more intermediate pivots, which are required to keep tall doors from warping or to provide additional support for heavy doors.
196
What do center-hung pivots allow?
Allow a door to swing in either direction (they are completely concealed).
197
What do offset pivots allow?
Allow a door to swing 180 degrees.
198
Pivots can be used alone, or as part of a _______ assembly.
Closer
199
_____-_____ pivots cannot be used with a door stop on the same side of the door on both jambs, making it hard to seal the door against sound or light transmission.
Center-Hung
200
The rotation point of a center-hung pivot is typically ____ inches from the edge of the frame, but it can be located anywhere along the door.
2/3/2004
201
Closers
Devices that automatically return a door to its closed position.
202
______ are required on fire-rated doors.
Closers
203
How can closers be mounted on a door?
Surface mounted on either side of the door, or in the head frame, or concealed in the frame or in the door. Closers can also be integral with pivots mounted in the floor or ceiling, either center hung or offset.
204
Panic Hardware
Hardware required by code for safe egress of large numbers of people that has push bars that extend across the width of the door that operate vertical rods that disengage latches at the top and bottom. The vertical rods can be surface mounted or concealed in the door.
205
Door Stops & Bumpers
Provide protection to adjacent construction from door movement. They are small metal fabrications with rubber bumpers attached.
206
Silencers
Metal door frames use these small pads of rubber mounted on the door stop to cushion the door when it is closed.
207
Astragals
Vertical members used between double doors to seal the opening, act as a door stop, or provide extra security when the doors are closed. An astragal may be attached to one door leaf or may be a separate unit against which both doors close.
208
What is needed if an astragal is attached to one of a pair of exit doors?
Door Coordinator
209
Door Coordinator
Device that coordinates the closing sequence of the two doors so that they close completely, rather than having the leaf with the astragal close first and preventing the other leaf from closing.
210
Push Plate & Pull Bars
Used to operate a door that does not require automatic latching, and are commonly used on doors to toilet rooms and commercial kitchens.
211
Automatic Door Bottoms
Devices that are mortised or surface applied to the bottom of the door to provide a sound or light seal. When the door is open, the seal is up; when the door is closed, a plunger strikes the jamb and forces the seal down against the floor.
212
Door Seals
Used along the edge of doors to provide tight seals against smoke, light, and sound. Different types of neoprene, felt, metal, polyurethane, and vinyl are available in many configurations.
213
____-_____ seals are required on fire doors to prevent both smoke and drafts from passing through.
Fire-Rated
214
What is the difference between fire-rates seals and regular door seals?
They have been tested by an approved laboratory and certified for used on fire doors. They are used on the head and jamb sections.
215
What is the compressible material most often used for door seals?
Neoprene
216
When are double door seals used?
When a high level of sound isolation is needed. (Limited to stages, sound studios, etc)
217
What are intumescent materisla used for?
When doors must meet the requirements of positive-pressure fire testing.
218
Intumescent Material
Material that expands upon exposure to heat and forms a tight, fire-resistant seal against the passage of smoke, gasses and heat.
219
Why can't intumescent gasketing be used alone?
Because some type of elastomeric gasketing must be used for protection BELOW 300 degrees F, before the intumescent material activates.
220
Thresholds
Used where floor materials change at a door line, where a hard surface is required for an automatic door bottom, or where minor changes in floor level occur.
221
Hardware Finishes
Dependent upon the desired appearance, the finish is either integral to the base metal from which the hardware is made or is a plated finish. The five basic metals are: Stainless Steel, Steel, Bronze, Brass and Aluminum.
222
Fire-rated doors must have ____ or ____ _______ hinges.
Steel or Stainless Steel
223
Float Glass (Annealed Glass)
Standard type of glass used in common windows and other applications where additional strength or other properties are NOT required.
224
When is Float (Annealed) Glass used in interiors?
In small openings, or where safety glazing is NOT required.
225
Tempered Glass
Glass produced by subjecting annealed glass to a special heat treatment. This glass is 4 times stronger than annealed glass of the same thickness. It is typically 1/4" thick for interior use.
226
How much stronger is tempered glass than annealed glass?
4 times
227
Tempered glass is considered ______ ________, so it can be used in hazardous locations.
Safety Glass
228
What are the disadvantages of tempered glass?
It must be ordered to the exact size required, because once it is tempered, it cannot be cut, drilled, or deeply etched. Also, tempering may produce slight distortions in the field of the glass, as well as near the tong marks for vertically tempered glass.
229
Laminated Glass
Glass that consists of two or more layers of glass bonded together by an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral. The glass can be clear or tinted float glass, tempered glass, or heat-strengthened glass.
230
How should glass be made when exceptional impact or ballistic resistance is required?
Heat-strengthened glass can enclose one or more layers of polycarbonate laminated with interlayers of polyvinyl butyral or polyurethane.
231
Polycarbonates
Thermoplastic resins that are dimensionally stable and ahve high impact strength.
232
What happens when laminated glass is broken?
The interlayer holds the pieces together even though the glass may be severely cracked.
233
Laminated glass fabricated with ________ glass or polycarbonate is used where very strong glazing is required.
Tempered
234
______ glass or _______ glass may be used where acoustical control is needed.
Float or Tempered
235
Laminated glass can be _______ resistant and provide high security against breakage.
Bullet
236
Some combinations of glass and plastic thickness qualify as _____ glazing and can be used in hazardous locations.
Safety
237
Laminated glass is excellent where high strength or ________ control is required.
Acoustical
238
Laminated glass qualifies as safety glass and can be cut in the field, however, its _______ resistance is low unless tempered or heat-strengthened glass is used.
Impact
239
Wired Glass
Glass with a mesh of wire embedded in the middle of the sheet, with a smooth or patterned surface. It is used primarily in fire-rated assemblies if it is NOT in a hazardous location. Wire glass CANNOT BE TEMPERED and DOES NOT qualify as safety glazing for hazardous locations.
240
Patterned Glass
Fire-rated glass made by passing a sheet of molten glass through rollers on which the desired pattern is pressed. Vision through the panel is diffused but not totally obscured.
241
Tempered Fire-Protective Glass
Glass rated at a maximum of 30 minutes because it cannot pass the hose-stream test, but it does meet the impact safety standards of both ANSI Z97.1 and 16 CFR 1201.
242
Layered Tempered Glass w/ Polymer Gel
Fire-rated glass consisting of 2 to 3 layers of tempered glass with a clear polymer gel between them. The glass is normally clear, but when exposed to fire, the gel turns to foam and turns opaque, retarding the passage of heat. This is available with a 30, 60, and 90 minute rating, depending on the thickness and number of glass panes used. There are restrictions on the maximum size of lites and the type of permitted framing.
243
Fire-Rated Glass Block
Gloass block specifically tested for use in fire-rated openings and approved by the local authority having jurisdiction.
244
Electrochromatic Glazing (General Term)
General term for a type of glazing that changes from either a dark tint or milky white opaque to transparent with the application of an electric current. There are three types of this glazing on the market: one known as electrochromatic glazing, Suspended Particle Device (SPD) and Polymer-Dispersed Liquid Crystal Film.
245
Electrochromatic Glazing (Specific Product)
Uses an inorganic ceramic thin-film coating on glass and can be manufactured to range from transparent to heavily darkened (tinted). It is neveropaque, so it cannot be used for privacy glass. It is intended to CONTROL LIGHT, UV ENERGY, AND SOLAR HEAT GAIN. The tinting is not on/off; it can be controlled with a simple rheostat switch.
246
SPD Glazing
Uses a proprietray system in which light-absorbing microscopic particles are dispersed within a liquid suspension film which is then sandwiched between two pieces of transparent conductive material. It can range from clear to partially darkened to totally opaque, so it CAN be used as privacy glass as well as for light control and energy conservation. It can be controlled with a variable rheostat.
247
Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Film Glazing
Fabricated by placing the polymer film between two pieces of glass. The transparency can range from transparent to cloudy white. In its translucent state it offers total privacy but still allows a significant amount of light to pass through, so it cannot be used for exterior light control.
248
Which two types of electrochromatic glazing offer significant energy savings, in the range of 20-30%?
Electrochromatic Glazing & SPD Glazing
249
When glass is framed conventionally, ______ _____ are used to hold the glass in place.
Glass Beads
250
Glass can be set in frames at the top and bottom and ____ jointed at the sides. The gap between pieces can be left open or filled with ____ sealant.
Butt; Silicone
251
Solid Glass Doors
Tempered glass, typically 1/2" or 3/4" thick with top and bottom metal rails and some type of door pull. There are no vertical framing members on either side of the door. The metal rails allow the door to be set on pivots in the floor and above the door and provide a place for a cylindrical lock.
252
What arethe two primary code regulations on interior glazing?
Limitations on glass in fire-rated assemblies & safety glazing subject to human impact in hazardous locations.
253
What does the IBC require of interior fire window assemblies?
That they be protected by 1/4" wire glass installed in steel frames or by approved fire-rated glazing. THE MAXIMUM GLAZED AREA CANNOT EXCEED 25% OF THE AREA OF THE COMMON WALL WITH ANY ROOM. Special fire-resistance-rated glazing is NOT subject to this 25% limitation because it is tested as a wall assembly, not as an opening assembly.
254
What are hazardous locations?
Those subject to human impact such as glass in doors, shower and bath enclosures, and certain locations in walls.
255
16 CFR Part 1201
Safety Standard for Architectural Glazing Materials
256
Tempered or Laminated Glass is considered ______ _______.
Safety Glazing
257
When a code requires a partition to be fire-rated, then all _________ in that partition must be fire-rated.
Openings
258
A protected opening is considered an _________ ___________ because it includes all components.
Opening Assembly
259
Fire Door Assembly
A door assembly that has been tested by an independent laboratory to determine that it is capable of withstanding a measured temperature without failure, for a set length of time, which is stated in hours (or minutes). Some doors are given a letter designation.
260
What does the required rating on a door depend on?
The rating of the wall or partition in which it is placed and the intended use of the wall or partition.
261
Most commercial interior design work requires the use of a ____ min door in a 1 hour rated exit access corridor or where a smoke draft assembly is required.
20 min
262
Most commercial interior design work requires the use of a ___ hour door in a 1 hour occupancy separation or a __ hour door in a 1 hour rated exit stair enclosure.
3/4 hour; 1 hour
263
For multi-floor commercial projects, a ____ hour rated door must be used in a 2 hour rated exit enclosure (stairway).
4-Mar
264
Safety glazing required? < 9 sf
NO
265
Safety glazing required? < 24" from door hinge side and > 18" above floor.
NO
266
Safety glazing required? < 24" from door latch side and < 60" above floor.
YES
267
Safety glazing required? Full height glazing
YES
268
Safety glazing required? Full height glazing with 1-1/2" shelf 34"-38" above floor.
NO
269
What is required of a 20 minute rated door in the IBC?
That the door be a "tight fitting smoke and draft assembly", which means that lsited gasketing must be placed on both jambs and the head to prevent the passage of smoke when the door is closed.
270
What doors may be used for fire-rated door assemblies?
Wood or Hollow Metal
271
What is the fire-rating on wood doors and frames?
Certain types of wood doors can be labeled up to 1-1/2 hours, but standard wood frames can only be used in 20 minute assemblies.
272
What type of door and frame must be used for ratings about 30 minutes (frames) and 1-1/2 hours (doors)?
Hollow Metal
273
Positive-Pressure Fire Testing
Testing that simulates actual fire conditions where there is positive pressure on the fire side of the door above a certain point on the door (neutral pressure level) and negative pressure below this point. Under these conditions, there is a great tendency for smoke and gases to be forced through the crack between the door and the frame.
274
What are the three standards for Positive-Pressure Fire Testing?
UL 10C ; NFPA 252 ; UBC 7-2
275
What does the IBC reference for Positive-Pressure Fire Testing?
UL 10C and NFPA 252 (with neutral pressure level set at 40 inches above the floor).
276
When a door must meet the requirements of Positive-Pressure Fire Testing, what must it have?
Approved gasketing or intumescent material along its edge or frame.
277
What standard must doors in corridors and smoke barriers meet?
UL 1784, Standard for Safety for Air Leakage Tests of Door Assemblies. Some jurisdictions require they carry an S label.
278
What are the two primary industry standard tests used in connection with fire-rated doors?
NFPA 80, Standard for Fire Doors and Windows (deals with construction and installation of fire doors) and NFPA 252, Standard Method for Fire Tests of Door Assemblies (standard method for testing fire doors). UL 10B is another designation for essentially the same test.
279
Label
Permanent identifying mark, attached to the door or frame by a testing organization, that indicates that the component complies with the standard UL tests for fire doors and with the NFPA's Standard, NFPA 80, which governs the installation of fire doors.
280
What is required to be labeled when a door opening assembly is used?
Door, Frame, and Closer
281
NFPA 80
Governs installation of fire doors.
282
Listed Device
A product that has been shown to meet applicable standards for use in fire-rated assemblies (including NFPA 80) or that has been tested and found suitable for use in a specific application.
283
Plenum
Space above suspended ceilings for mechanical ducts and other services.
284
How are residential GWB ceilings constructed?
GWB is nailed/screwed directly to the joists with any wiring or heating ducts between the joists. If additional space below the joists is required, it is boxed in with wood framing, and the wallboard is applied over the framing.
285
How are commercial GWB ceilings constructed?
GWB is applied to suspended grids of framing members. The typical construction consists of 1-1/2" steel channels located 4'-0" O.C. and suspended from the structural floor above. Metal furring channels are attached to the main runners either 16" or 24" O.C., with the wallboard screwed to them, although 24" O.C. spacing with 5/8" GWB is used for most commercial construction.
286
Access Panels
Prefabricated steel units with hinged doors that allow the wallboard to be framed into them, available in several standard sizes, but a 24" square door or smaller is usually sufficient.
287
What is one of the major pros of GWB ceilings in commercial construction?
Shaped ceilings - stepped, arched, curved, coffered, vaulted, sloped, etc.
288
What is used when acoustic control is required?
Resilient channels are attached to the joists, and sound attenuating insulation is palced between the joists.
289
What do suspended acoustical ceilings consist of?
Thin panels of wood fiber, mineral fiber, or glass fiber set in a support grid of metal framing that is suspended by wires from the structure above. The tiles are perforated or fissured in various ways to absorb sound. These ceilings, however, do not prevent sound transmission to any appreciable extent.
290
The most common type of suspended ceiling system is the _____-___ system.
Lay-In
291
Tegular Ceiling System
Uses ceiling panels with rabbeted edges.
292
What is the typical ceiling panel size for completely concealed ceiling panel systems?
1' x 1'
293
What sizes are lay-in ceiling tiles available in?
2' x 2', 1' x 2', 2' x 4', and 20" x 60" (for 5' working modules).
294
Ceiling Angles
Support ceiling tiles at the perimeter walls and supports light fixtures mounted next to the wall.
295
What types of suspended ceiling systems are available besides acoustical ceiling panels?
Metal strip ceilings, wood grids, and fabric-covered acoustical batts.
296
What is the purpose of all suspended ceiling systems?
The provide a finished ceiling with access and to absorb rather than reflect sound (llike GWB does) to reduce the noise level within a space.
297
What must ceilings be coordinated with?
Recessed lighting, duct work, sprinkler piping, fire-alarm speakers, smoke detectors and similar items, drapery pockets and other recessed fixtures.
298
Return-Air Plenum
When return-air grilles are set in the grid and return-air is simply allowed to pass through the ceiling space, and back to a central return air duct or shaft that connects to the HVAC system.
299
What does code require of a return-air plenum?
No combustible material may be placed above the ceiling and that all plastic wiring be run in metal conduit. (Some codes allow wiring for telephone, computer, low-voltage lighting and signal systems to be exposed if it is approved plenum-rated wiring).
300
If suspended ceilings are rated, it means they are part of a complete floor-ceiling or roof-ceiling __________ that is rated.
Assembly
301
What do rated acoustical ceiling systems consist of?
Rated mineral tiles and rated grid systems, which include hold-down clips to keep the panels in place and expansion slots to allow the grid to expand when subjected to heat.
302
Describe recycled content available for acoustical ceiling tiles.
Newsprint, perlite, and ground-up pieces of old tiles are included in recycled content, which ranges from 50% to nearly 90%.
303
What should a designer do when designing a suspended ceiling system in an area requiring special seismic restraints?
Verify the exact requirements based on the building code being used and the project's exact geographic location. The following criteria should be followed: (1) Individual light fixtures and other types of equipment that are normally supported by the ceiling grid must be independently supported with wires. (2) The actually weight of the ceiling system including lights and air terminals should be 2.5 LBM/FT2 or less. (3) The ceiling system should not be used to provide lateral support for partitions. Instead, the partitions should be braced (see diagram 10.24). (4) Ceiling angles should provid at least a 7/8" ledge, and there must be at least a 3/8" clearance from the edge of the tile to the wall. (5) The perimeter main runners and cross runners must be prevented from spreading without relying on permanent attachement to the ceiling angle. (6) For ceilings in very high-risk seismic zones, the suspension system must be a heavy-duty type and must have lateral force bracing 12' O.C. in both directions, with the first point within 6' from each wall. These points of lateral bracing must provide support in all four directions and must have rigid struts connected to the structure above to prevent uplift as well as to support gravity loads. Additional wire supports are also required for all runners at the perimeter of the rooms within 8" of the wall. Clearances from the ends of the runners to the partition must be 1/2" instead of 3/8". The IBC now requires a minimum clearance of 3/4" in high risk zones and a minimum of 2" in wide ceiling angles.
304
How are lath and plaster ceilings constructed?
Similar to lath and plaster partitions - a framework is suspended from the structure, and expanded metal lath is wired to the framework and the plaster is applied, usually a 3 coat application. For residential, the lath is attached to the joists and a 2 or 3 coat plaster application is used.
305
Although more expensive and more difficult to construct than GWB ceilings, lath and plaster ceilings are good for.....
creating curves (can be curved in two directions to form complex shapes), for ceramic tile application (3 coat portland cement plaster application) where in a continually when environment, and are used when ornate or complex moldings are required.
306
Integrated Ceilings
Suspended ceilings designed to accomodate ceiling tiles, light fixtures, supply- and return-air grilles, sprinklers, and partition attachment in a consistent, unified way. They are intended for use in commercial applications where partitions, lights, and other elements connected with the ceiling change frequently. Most work with grids of 4' or 5'. Made for reuseability: lights have plug-in connectors, HVAC uses flexible duct, and the top tracks of demountable partitions screw or clip onto a specially designed grid.
307
Before deciding on an integrated ceiling, a ___-___ ___ _______ should be done to determine if cost savings outweigh the initial higher cost.
Life-Cycle Cost Analysis
308
What are the most commonly used ornamental metals?
Stainless Steel, Copper Alloys of Bronze and Brass, and Aluminum.
309
What are the less commonly used ornamental metals?
Carbon Steel, Copper, Iron, Zinc and Porcelain Enamel
310
Stainless Steel
An alloy of steel containing 12% or more of chromium. Most types are supplemented with additional elements such as nickel, manganese, and molybdenum, to impart particular properties. It is used for its CORROSIVE RESISTANCE, STRENGTH, AND APPEARANCE.
311
What are the two type of stainless steel used in interiors?
304 and 430 --- 300 series (chromium-nickel) and 400 series (straight chromium)
312
What forms does stainless steel come in?
Sheets, plates, strips, bar, pipes and tubing.
313
What form of stainless steel should be specified for most ornamental interior applications?
Ornamental Tubing
314
Which is more costly, stainless steel tubing or pipe?
Pipe is more costly.
315
Rolled Finishes (Stainless Steel)
Produced on sheet material by passing the steel between rollers under pressure at the mill. The finish ranges from bright & reflective to a deeply embossed pattern. This is the least expensive s/s finish.
316
What is the least expensive stainless steel finish?
Rolled Finish
317
Why do you need to check availability with the manufacturer when using a stainless steel with a rolled finish?
Because each mfg. produces its own proprietary rolled finishes.
318
Polished Finishes (Stainless Steel)
The most common finishes for architectural applications and are produced by grinding, polishing, and sometimes buffing the metal until the desired surface is obtained. There are 5 industry standard finishes for sheet and strip stock, ranging from a number 7 (mirror-like) to a number 3 finish (dull finish). The more polished, the more expensive.
319
Etched Finishes (Stainless Steel)
Produced by dry or wet methods: DRY ETCHING: Blasts the material away a defined area, using stencils, metal templates or adhesive material to make off a portion of the metal. WET ETCHING: Uses ACID to wear off some of the finish, using special masking to maintain sharply define areas and prevent the acid from undercutting the protected area.
320
Bronze and brass are the terms commonly used to describe a range of ______ ______.
Copper Alloys
321
What are the 3 primary groups of copper alloys?
(1) Almost pure copper, (2) Architectural Bronze (Common Brasses), (3) Nickel-Silver and Silicon Bronze Alloys
322
_____ is an alloy of copper and 2% or more of tin.
Bronze
323
_____ brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
Brass
324
A copper alloy is referred to by its ____ ______.
Alloy Number
325
What is the choice of what type of copper usually dependent on?
The final color appearance required and the cost.
326
Copper Alloy 280
Muntz Metal (reddish-yellow)
327
Copper Alloy 200
Commercial Bronze (red-gold color)
328
Copper alloys are ______ resistant, but they all change color with age and exposure to moisture in the air.
Corrosion
329
______ comes in sheets, plate, bar stock, tubing and pipe, and can be both extruded and cast.
Brass
330
What coatings is brass available in?
(1) MECHANICAL COATING: Alters the surface of metal by rolling or some other mechanical mean. (2) CHEMICAL FINISHES: Alter the surface with chemical processes. 3) COATED FINISHES: Applied finishes that are formed from the metal itself through chemical or electrochemical conversion or by adding some other material. (Combinations of these three methods may be used)
331
What is the difficulty when a brass finish is highly polished?
The more polished, the more difficult it will be to conceal scratches and to refinish.
332
Oil Canning
With brass, when large, flat, highly polished surfaces show variations in flatness.
333
How can brass be joined?
Mechanical Fasteners (screws, bolts, rivets, clips of compatible alloys) , Adhesives (laminating backing material or joining smaller pieces to other materials when exposed fasteners are not wanted - cannot be used if metal must support other than its own weight), or Brazing / Soldering.
334
Brazing
Joining of two metals at an intermediate temperature about 800 degrees F using a nonferrous filler metal. (These joints should be concealed because the filler metal does not exactly match the brass.)
335
Soldering
The joining of two metals using lead-based or tin-based alloy solder that melts below 500 degrees F.
336
Welding
Joins two metals by using high temperatures (much higher than brazing) to head them above their melting points, either with or without a filler metal.
337
Which is used most often to join brass for architectural purposes, Brazing, Soldering, or Welding?
Brazing
338
Galvanic Action
The electrochemical process that occurs when dissimilar metals are in contact in the presence of an electrolyte, such as water, resulting in the corrosion of one of the metals.
339
What metals are most susceptible to corrosion? (Most to least)
Zinc, Galvanized Steel, Aluminum Alloys, Low-Carbon Steel, Wrought Iron, Cast Iron
340
What metals are least susceptible to corrosion? (Least to most)
Type 316 S/S, passive, Type 304 S/S, passive, Type 410 S/S, passive, Copper Alloys, Stainless Steel 316, 304, 410, active.
341
How can galvanic action be prevented?
By using the same, or compatible metals and fasteners whenever possible. When 2 or more metals are combined, they must be separated with ISOLATORS made from Teflon, neoprene, or other suitable materials. Teflon-coated screws can also be used.
342
Finish Carpentry
Exposed wood construction assembled at the job site by finish carpenters including installation of doors and windows and door and window trim, standard wood base and molding, site-built stairways, and handrails. It is commonly used in residential construction and in commercial construction where there is a limited amount of woodwork or where cost is a consideration.
343
Architectural Woodwork
Differs from finish carpentry in that it is custom, shop-fabricated millwork built of lumber, finished wood, and other materials.
344
How is designing finish carpentry and architectural woodwork different?
The types of materials used and the method of specification are different.
345
Lumber for finish carpentry is a ________ material.
Regional
346
What are common species used for finish carpentry?
Douglas Fir, Ponderosa Pine, Sugar Pine, Idaho White Pine, Southern Pine, Western Red Cedar, Poplar, Oak, and Redwood.
347
For interiors, what is one of the most important aspects of specifying finish carpentry?
Grade, which determines the type and number of allowable defects (Grade B & Better is the highest available and is excellent for natural or painted finishes). Grading rules vary depending on the species and the trade organization responsible.
348
What is the highest available finish carpentry grade for most species?
Grade B & Better is the highest available and is excellent for natural finishes or painted finishes. It's supply is limited.
349
What grade of finish carpentry wood has only slightly more defects than Grade B & Better and is a better grade for painting and some natural finishes?
Grade C Select
350
What does it mean when specifying only vertical or flat grain for finish carpentry?
This describes how the board is cut from the tree. Vertical-grain wood is cut so that the growth rings are perpendicular to the face of the board. Vertical-grain boards tend to warp less, are more abrasion resistant, and stain more uniformly than flat-grain boards.
351
What are the benefits of vertical-grain boards over flat-grain boards?
Vertical-grain boards tend to warp less, are more abrasion resistant, and stain more uniformly than flat-grain boards.
352
What are the available panel products for interior construction?
Plywood, Particleboard, Medium-Density Fiberboard, and Medium-Density Overlay.
353
Plywood
Panel product made from an odd number of layers of thin veneer glued together under heat and pressure. Each ply is laid in a direction perpendicular to the adjacent ply. It is suitable for natural, stain and painted finishes and is often used in finish carpentry.
354
What thicknesses is plywood available in?
It is available in 1/4", 3/8", 1/2", 5/8", and 3/4" thicknesses.
355
What are common finished surfaces for plywood?
Softwoods (e.g. fir)
356
Plywood used for finishing is graded by the quality of the ____ ________.
Face Veneer
357
What are the veneer grades of plywood?
N, A, B, C, and D. N-grade is intended for a natural finish and is made from all heartwood or all sapwood. A-grade is smooth and paintable with a few knots or other defects and is THE BEST GRADE COMMONLY AVAILABLE. D-grade is the lowest grade and allows for large, unfilled knotholes.
358
What is the best grade of plywood commonly available?
A-grade
359
What is the lowest grade of plywood available?
D-grade
360
Particleboard
Composed of small wood particles, fibers or chips of various sizes mixed together in a binder and formed under pressure into a panel. It comes in several thicknesses as a 4' x 8' sheet and is available in low-, medium-, and high-density forms. It is commonly used as a substrate for natural and laminate veneers in architectural woodwork construction.
361
MDF
Medium-Density Fiberboard - a panel product made from wood particles reduced to fibers in a moderate-pressure steam vessel and then combined with a resin and bonded together under heat and pressure. It is THE MOST DIMENSIONALLY STABLE of the mat-formed panel products. MDF has a smooth, uniform, and dense surface that makes it useful for painting, thin overlay materials, veneers, and high-pressure decorative laminate.
362
Medium-Density Overlay
Trim used for decorative or functional purposes. For finish carpentry construction, standard profiles of molding are available in softwood and a few species of hardwoods.
363
Molding can be made from _____ or molded high-density polyurethane foam.
MDF
364
Standing and Running Trim
When part of architectural woodwork, trim such as chair rail, base trim, cornices, casing trims, etc,
