Ch 1 Information Gathering Flashcards
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is one of the most common programming concepts because it most directly affects the organization of spaces and rooms.
Relationships
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is based on the quality of the following primary environmental factors: Temperature, Humidity, Air Movement, Temperature Radiation to and from Surrounding Surfaces, Air Quality, Sound, Vibration & Light
Human Comfort
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ uses the information developed by anthropometrics, but it goes further by studying exactly how humans interact with physical objects like chairs, control panels, desks, and the like.
Ergonomics
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ relates to the people using a space, the activities to be performed there, and the relationship of spaces to each other.
Function
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ concerns money; the initial cost of the interior, operating costs, and life cycle costs.
Economy
_ _ _ _ describes the ideas of past, present and future as they affect the other three considerations of design problems.
Time
_ _ _ _ relates to the existing conditions in a space, the physical and psychological environment of the interior, and the quality of construction.
Form
__________ deals with the issues of spacing between people, territoriality, organization of space, and positioning of people in space.
Proxemics
97% of groups consist of __ to __ people.
2 to 4
A _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ concept is a performance requirement related to methods of solving a problem or satisfying a need.
Programmatic
A _ _ _ _ _ _ concept is a specific physical response that attempts to achieve a programmatic concept.
Design
A common example of a physical design concept used to provide _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is a central atrium or lobby within a large building or suite of offices.
Orientation
A generally comfortable temperature range is between _ _ and _ _ degrees. A tolerable range is between _ _ to _ _.
69 to 80 degrees F; 60 to 85 degrees F
A program should include . . .
Client’s goals & objectives, analysis of existing building, aesthetic considerations, space needs, adjacency requirements, organizing concepts, code review, budget requirements, and schedule requirements.
Accessibility
This programmatic concept related to the idea of entry to a building or space and to making the facility accessible to the disabled. It also answers the question of how people can find the entrance and whether or not there should be multiple entrances.
According to ________, human’s have a variety of needs which he divided into two groups: deficiency needs and growth needs.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Abraham Maslow)
Activity Grouping
This programmatic concept state whether activities should be integrated or separated and compartmentalized.
An example of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ flow would be a museum directing people from a starting point to and end point, or in a factory, material progressing from one station to another in a definite sequence.
Sequential
An example of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Flow is that people may need to be separated from service access, or publc visitors to a courthouse may need to be separated from prisoners.
Separated
An example of the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ concept is one department in a large organization sharing a common entry court with another department to foster interaction and a sense of community.
Neighbors
Anthropometrics
The measurement of the size, proportions, and range of motion of the human body.
At about _ _ ft, it is not considered rude to ignore other people nearby, such as in a reception room or library.
10 feet
At rest, the human body gives off about _ _ _ Btu/hr. This increases to _ _ _ Btu/hr to _ _ _ Btu/hr for moderate activities like walking and work, and up to _ _ _ _ Btu/hr for strenuous exercise.
400; 700 to 800; 2000
Because the body can gain or lose heat through _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, the temperature of the surroundng surfaces is an important factor in human comfort.
Radiation
Behavior Setting
A particular place with definable boundaries and objects in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time.
Btu
British Thermal Unit - The amount of heat energy required to raise one pound of water by one degree Farenheit. This is approximately the energy released by burning a match.
Building codes and safety precautions are closely tied to this programmatic concept.
Safety
Building codes either give minimum exhaust rates in _ _ _’s per square foot of floor area or else they specify how often a complete air change within the room must be made.
CFM (Cubic Feet per Minute)
Character
This programmatic concept is a response to the desired image the client wants to project.
Communications
As a programmatic concept, this is a response to the goal of promoting the effective exchange of information or ideas. This concept states who communicates with whom and how they do it.
Compartmentalizing dining areas would respond to a goal of creating an intimated dining experience in a restaurant. This is an example of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ grouping.
Activity
Conduction
The transfer of heat through direct contact between direct contact between two objects of different temperatures.
Convection
The transfer of heat through the movement of a fluid, either gas or liquid.
Convection
This occurs when the air temperature surrounding a person is less than the body’s skin temperature, around 85 degrees F.
Convergent Photogrammetry
Uses multiple oblique photographic images of an object taken at different angles. It has an accurance of 0.05% +/-
Convertibility
This programmatic concept refers to how a space can allow for changes in function through the conversion of spaces.
Cost Control
This programmatic concept explores ways to establish a realistic preview of costs and a balanced budget to meet the client’s available funds.
Density
Low, medium or high - This programmatic concept may relate to how a space or group of spaces are used to respond to goals such as efficient use of space or the desired amount of interaction in an office.
Distribution of supplies, storage space, information and vending areas are examples of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ groupings.
Service
Dynamic Activity
Any activity likely to change.
Dynamic Anthropometrics
Measures the body while performing activities.
Effective Temperature (ET)
A value developed that combines the effects of air temperature, humidity, and air movement.
Energy Conservation
This programmatic concept can be achieved in several ways: Keeping heated areas to a minimum, using materials produced using low amounts of energy, using recycled materials and using recyclable materials.
Environmental Controls
This programmatic concept explores the kinds of controls necessary to meet human comfort needs, including air temperature, light, sound, and humidity. This concept includes mechanical systems as well as natural means for climate control.
Environments should allow people to claim __________ and make choices about where to be and what activities to engage in.
Territoriality
Ergonomics
The study of the relation between human physiology and the physical environment.
Evaporation
Occurs when moisture changes to vapor as a person perspires or breathes.
Every program should include at least the following information:
(1) A statement of goals and objectives (2) A list of client requirements (3) A list of spaces and their square footage.
Expandability
This programmatic concept refers to how a space can accomodate growth with expansion.
General Purpose Chair Dimensions:
Seat Depth: 15” Seat Height: 16”-17” Back Height: 31” - 33” Backrest Reference Plane: 95 - 105 degrees Seat Reference Plane 0 - 5 degrees
Hierarchy
This programmatic concept relates to the idea of the exercise of authority and is expressed in physical symbols of authority.
Home Base
This programmatic concept related to the concept of territoriality and is a place where a person can maintain his/her individuality.
Human Factors
This field involves the correctness of fit between objects and spaces and the needs of the people using those objects and spaces.
If the surroundings are colder than the surface temperature of skin (85 degrees), the body loses heat through _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . If they are warmer the body gains heat.
Radiation
Intimate Distance
Physical Contact - 18 inches
Uses medium range pulsing beams which systematically sweep over an object or space to obtain three-dimensional coordinates of points on the surfaces of the object or space being scanned. The resulting image is a “point cloud” forming a 3D images. From this, elevations, plans and sections can be developed by software. Unlike photogrammetry, no surveyed reference points are required. All info can be gathered from a single point. The accuracy range is from .05% to .01% +/- or better.
Laser Scanner
Leg clearance beneath a work surface:
27”
Mean Radiant Temperature (MRT)
A weighted average of the various surface temperatures in a room, the angle of exposure of the occupants to these surfaces, and any sunlight present. It is the value used to determinate radiation as an aspect of comfort.
Mixed Flow
As a programmatic concept, this is a response to the goal of promoting interaction among people. Conversely this may not be a desired programmatic concept in controlled facilities.
Neighbors
A programmatic concept that refers to how the project will promote or prevent sociability and how it will relate to its neighboring spaces.
One of the most important factors to include in workstation and chair selection is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
Adjustability
One popular programming method uses a five-step process in relationship to these four major considerations:
Form, Function, Economy, & Time
Orientation
This programmatic concept refers to providing a point of reference within a space or building to help keep people from feeling lost within a larger context.
Orthophotography
Similar to Rectified Photography but relies on digital photography and correction of optical distortion through computer software.
This programmatic concept states the degree of massing of people in a space and is derived from physical, social, and emotional characteristics of the group.
People Grouping
Personal Distance - Close Phase:
18” - 30”
Personal Distance - Far Phase:
2.5 ft - 4 ft
This programmatic concept determines if the project must be completed in stages to meet time and cost schedules. It also states whether the project can be based on linear scheduling or must provide for concurrent scheduling to meet urgent occupancy requirements.
Phasing
Photogrammery
The surveying of objects or spaces by using photography and associated software.
This programmatic concept establishes the order of importance of things such as size, position, or social values.
Priority
A process during which information about a problem is collected, analyzed, and clearly stated to provide a basis for design.
Programming
Programming is problem _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _, where as design is problem _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
analysis, synthesis
Providing _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ around a swimming pool would give extra room to accomodate future bleachers or extra seating areas.
Tolerance
This term was created by anthropologist Edward T. Hall to describe the interrelated observations and theories about how people use space as a specialized elaboration of culture.
Proxemics
Public Distance
12’ ft and outward
Radiation
The transfer of heat energy through electromagnetic waves from one surface to a colder surface.
Rectified Photography
Uses large format film-based view cameras to do photo facades. The camera’s focal plane is set parallel to the facade and gives a flate image with no perspective. Dimensions can be scaled off the photo.
Relationships
Include the affinities of people and activities.
__________ __________ is the percentage of moisture in the air compared with the maximum amount of moisture the air can hold at a given temperature without condensing. Comfortable relative humidity ranges are between 30% and 65%. Tolerable ranges are from 20% to 70%.
Relative Humidity
This programmatic concept focuses attention on life safety and the conceptual ways to achieve it.
Safety
This programmatic concept refers to ways that both people and property can be protected based on the value of the potential loss - minimum, medium, or maximum.
Security Controls
This programmatic concept relates to segregating the flow of people, service access, and other activities of a building or space.
Separated Flow
This programmatic concept is often required for both people and objects where a specific series of events or processes is required.
Sequential Flow
This programmatic concept include mechanical services, such as mechanical systems, as well as other functions that support the use of a space.
Service Groupings
Social Distance - Close Phase:
4 ft- 7 ft
Social Distance - Far Phase:
7 ft - 12 ft
Static Anthropometrics
Measures the human body at rest.
Stereophotogrammetry
Uses two overlapping photographs that are loaded into a computer program to produce a digital stereo image. This information can be used to create three-dimensional drawings and can produce a photographic record. Requires specialized equipment and technicians.
Tables near the door of an exclusive restaurant are considered the high-status position. This is an example of ___________
hierarchy
Task Chair Dimensions:
Backrest: 5”-9” Seat Depth: 15” Seat Height: 16”-17” Seat Reference Plane: 0 - 5 degrees Backrest Reference Plane: 95 - 105 degrees
A fundamental aspect of human behavior and refers to people’s need to lay claim to the spaces they occupy and the things they own.
Territoriality
The _ _ _ _ _ _ _ statements are the bridge between programming and the design process.
Problem
The _ _ _ is an important comfort factor in cold rooms or in the winter because as the air temperature decreases, the body loses more heat through radiation than by evaporation. Even a room with an adequate temperature will feel cool if the surfaces are cold. This is why warming these surfaces by covering them with wall hangings/drapes or providing radiant heating panels are ways to counteract this effect.
MRT (Mean Radiant Temperature)
The amount of ventilation in a room is determined by….
The size of the room, the activity in the room and when people smoke in the room or not.
The behavior setting is useful for the Interior Designer because….
it connects the strictly behavioral aspects of human activity with the effects of the physical environment on people.
The five step programming process involves:
Establishing goals, collecting and analyzing facts, uncovering and testing concepts, determining needs, & stating the problem.
The goal of establishing work teams in an office might suggest a concept of keeping small groups together in the same physical space. This is an example of _ _ _ _ _ _ grouping.
People
The keyboard surface should be from _ _ to _ _ inches high and be adjustable.
26 in - 28.5 in
The sensation of thermal comfort depends on the interrelationship of:
Air Temperature, Humidity, Air Movement & Radiation
The simple act of moving a chair to make viewing a screen easier is an example of __________________.
Personalization
There are ____ methods of collecting the information required to complete a program and prepare for design.
Four
This tends to increase evaporation and heat loss through convection. This is why a person is comfortable when it is hot/high humidity when there is a breeze, and also why the windchill effect in the winter makes cold temperatures intolerable in the wind.
Air Movement
To quantify the effects of clothing, the unity of the _ _ _ was developed. One _ _ _ is equal to the typical American man’s business suit, or about 0.15 _ _ _ /lbm of clothing.
Clo
Tolerance
This programmatic concept allows for extra space for a dynamic activity (one likely to change) instead of fitting the space precisely to a static activity.
Two interviewers should be present:
One to ask the questions and observe, the other to take notes and provide a second opinion on observation.
VDT
Video Display Terminal
Versatility
This programmatic concept provides for several different activities with multifunctional spaces.
Viewing distance to monitor:
17.75” - 19.75”
What are problem statements?
Statements, agreed upon by both the client and the programmer, that describe the most important aspects of the problem and serve as the basis for design and as the criteria by which the solution can be evaluated.
What are the four distances of Hall’s theory of proxemics?
Intimate, Personal, Social, Public
What are the four elements of cost?
Quantity, Quality, Budget & Time
What are the four major considerations of any design problem?
Form, Function, Economy and Time
What are the four minimum problem statements?
One for each of the major considerations of form, function, economy & time.
What are the three components of flexibility?
Expandability, Convertibility & Versatility
What are the three values of potential loss?
Minimum, Medium & Maximum
What are the three ways the body loses heat?
Convection, Evaporation & Radiation
What distance does most impersonal interactions take place?
Social Distance
What is an EDM?
Electronic Distance Measurement - This process uses a laser based instrument with an onboard computer to measure the distance, horizontal and vertical angles of the instrument’s laser beam to a reflective prism target.. EDM instruments are accurate to 1/64” +/- in at 1600ft.
What is REDM?
Reflectorless Distance Measurement - This device does use a prism reflector. It relies on the return signal bounced from the object being measured. This is less precise than EDM, at 1/8+/-“ at 100 ft.
What is the primary determinant of comfort?
Temperature
When Information Gathering, the checklist of required information includes:
Goals and Objectives, User Requirements, Activity Requirements, FF&E, Adjacencies, Space Requirements Listed by Area and Sq. Footage, & Time and Money Requirements
When standup workstations are provided, they should have _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
Footrests
When the air temperature is above the body temperature of 98.6 degrees, there can be no _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ transfer, because heat always transfers from a high level to a low level. The body then must lose heat by _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ .
Convection; Evaporation
Why do people feel hotter in the summer when the humidity is high?
Because as air temperature rises, the body loses less heat through convection and must rely on evaporation. However, as humidity rises, it is more difficult for perspiration to evaporate, and therefore people feel much hotter than the air temperature might indicate.
Wind speeds from _ _ ft/min to about _ _ _ ft/min are generally acceptable for cooling without causing annoying drafts.
50 to 200
Worksurface height:
30”
Wrist inclined no more than:
10”
