Ch 12 Finishes Flashcards
21
Q
What are the four basic types of wood flooring?
A
Strip Flooring, Block Flooring, Parquet Flooring, and End Grain Blocks
22
Q
Strip Flooring
A
One of the most common wood floors; consists of thin strips from 3/8” to 25/32” thick of varying lengths with tongue-and-groove edges. Most strip flooring is 2-1/2” wide, but 1-1/2” wide strips are also available.
23
Q
Plank Flooring
A
3/8” to 25/32” thick (same as strip) but is from 3-1/4” to 8” wide. It is used where a larger scale is desired or to emulate wider, historic planking.
24
Q
Block Flooring
A
Made of preassembled wood flooring in three basic configurations: Unit Block, Laminated Block, and Parquet Flooring
25
Q
Unit Block Flooring
A
Type of block flooring that is standard strip flooring assembled into a unit held together with steel or wood splines. 3/8” to 25/32” thick.
26
Q
Laminated Block Flooring
A
Type of block flooring that is made from three to seven plies of cross-laminated wood veneer. 3/8” to 25/32” thick.
27
Q
Parquet Flooring
A
Type of block flooring that is made of preassembled units of several small, thin slats of wood in a variety of patterns. It may be finished or unfinished. This is usually is sold in 12” squares, 5/8” thick, for mastic applications. It is EASIER and LESS EXPENSIVE to intsall than other types of flooring and can be installed in a wide range of designs.
28
Q
What is an easier and less expensive wood floor to install?
A
Parquet
29
Q
End Grain Block Flooring
A
Type of block flooring that is made from solid end-grain blocks. These are solid pieces of wood from 2-1/4” to 4” thick laid on end. Solid block floors are very durable and resistant to oils, mild chemicals, and indentations. They were often used for industrial floors, but now other materials are used instead.
30
Q
What type of wood floors are very durable and resistant to oils, mild chemicals, and indentations?
A
Solid Block Floors
31
Q
How is wood floor graded?
A
Wood flooring is graded differently from other wood products, Grading rules are set by the various trade associations such as the National Oak Flooring Manufacturers’ Associaion.
32
Q
Unfinished oak floor is graded as . . . .
A
Clear, select, no. 1 common, and no. 2 common.
33
Q
_____ is the best grade of wood flooring with the most uniform color.
A
Clear
34
Q
____ sawn wood is standard for wood flooring, but quartersawn is available.
A
Plain
35
Q
The average wood flooring length is _____ ft.
A
3-3/4”
36
Q
The wood flooring lengths are _____ ft and longer.
A
1-1/4”
37
Q
Bamboo flooring is available in ___ inch and ____ inch thick strips about 3 inches wide or wider.
A
1/2” or 3/4”
38
Q
Palm wood flooring is a byproduct from ______ palms.
A
Coconut
39
Q
Palm wood flooring is available in 3/4” x 3” wide strips with t & g edges. It is harder than ____ or ____ and comes prefinished in colors ranging from dark- to medium-red mahogany.
A
Oak or Maple
40
Q
Wood flooring must be installed over a suitable _______ base.
A
Nailable
41
Q
What provisions must be made when installing wood flooring?
A
To prevent moisture from seeping up below and to allow for expansion of the completed floor.
42
Q
How is strip flooring installed?
A
Blind nailing through the tongue.
43
Q
What are two ways to install wood floor over a concrete subfloor in commercial construction?
A
(1) 3/4” plywood sheet is attached to the concrete to provide nailable base, and a layer of polyethylene film is laid down first if MOISTURE may be a problem. (2) Wood flooring is laid on wood sleepers. This method gives a more RESILIENT floor that is more comfortable under floor, but also provides an air space so excess moisture can escape. — Note: In both (1) & (2) a gap of about 3/8” to 3/4” is left at the perimeter to allow for expansion and is concealed with the wood base.
44
Q
How are wood floors installed over wood framing with a plywood or particleboard subfloor (typ. for most residential construction)?
A
A layer of #15 asphalt felt may be laid to prevent squeaking and act as a vapor barrier. Resilient pads are also available for use in place of sleeps for strip flooring installation. These provide an even more resilient floor and are often used for dance floors and gymnasium floors.
45
Laminated block flooring and parquet flooring are types of ______ wood floors, and are available unfinished or prefinished.
Engineered
46
Engineered wood consists of ___, ___, or ___ laters of wood veneer, each oriented 90 degrees to the adjacent ones, like plywood. The top layer is the actual finished wood species.
3, 5, or 7
47
Engineered woods are more __________ stable than solid wood, and they shrink and swell less with moisture changes.
Dimensionally
48
How are engineered floors installed?
Either glued directly to a stable wood subfloor or laid loose over thin foam padding so they can move independently of the subfloor.
49
What two types of wood flooring qualify as sustainable flooring?
Bamboo and Palm Wood
50
What are the commonly used species of wood used for flooring?
Maple, Oak, Birch, and Beech
51
How is bamboo floor installed?
Either nailed like wood flooring into the tongue, or glued.
52
Bamboo is almost as hard as and twice as stable as ___ ____ and ____.
Red Oak and Maple
53
Palm wood is harder and more stable than ___ ____, ______ ___ and ____.
Red Oak, White Oak, and Maple
54
What are the five types of stone commonly used in interior construction for flooring as well as for walls?
Granite, Marble, Limestone, Slate, and Sandstone
55
Granite
An igneous rock with visible grains, available in colors such as gray, beige, black, whtie, pink, red, blue, and green.
56
What are the five finishes commonly used for granite?
Honed, Fine-Rubbed, Rubbed, Polished, and Thermal (Flame)
57
Polished Finish (Granite)
Finish with a mirror gloss with sharp reflections.
58
Honed Finish (Granite)
Finish with a dull sheen, without reflection.
59
Fine-Rubbed Finish (Granite)
Finish that produces a smooth surface that is free from scratches, with no sheen.
60
Rubbed Finish (Granite)
Finish with a surface with occasional slight "trails" or scratches.
61
Thermal (Flame) Finish (Granite)
Finish with a coarse surface, which varies depending on the granite's grain structure.
62
Marble
Metamorphic rock formed by layers of shells that, under heat and pressure, form into a composition of crystalline grains of calcite and/or dolomite. It is available in a wide range of colors and patterns from uniform, pure white to vivid greens and reds with wild streaked patterns.
63
Polished Finish (Marble)
Finish that produces a glossy surface bringing out the full color and character of the marble.
64
Honed Finish (Marble)
Finish with a satin-smooth surface, with little or no gloss,
65
Abrasive Finish (Marble)
Finish with a flat, nonreflective surface suitable for STAIR TREADS and other nonslip surfaces.
66
Wet-Sand Finish (Marble)
Finish that yields a smooth surface that is suitable for nonslip floors.
67
Travertine
Type of limestone frequently used for interior flooring, formed with a network of holes in it, which must be filled with an epoxy resin (which can be colored to match stone) to make a smooth surface. It is a LIGHT, CREAMY COLOR usually finished with a POLISHED SURFACE .
68
Slate
A fine-grain metamorphic rock that is easily split into thin slabs, making it ideal for flooring and roofing. It is available in ranges of gray, black, green, brown, and deep red.
69
Natural Cleft Finish (Slate)
Finish that shows the surface as it is cleaved from the rock, so it is rough and the surface level varies by about 1/8".
70
Sand-Rubbed Finish (Slate)
Finish that gives an even plane showing a slight grain.
71
Honed Finish (Slate)
Finish that is semipolished, without a sheen.
72
Sandstone
A sedimentary rock made of sand and other substances. When cleaved from the original rock, it is called FLAGSTONE.
73
Flagstone
Sandstone as it is cleaved from the original rock, having a naturally rough surface. It can be used with irregular edges, or saw-cut into regular shapes.
74
What are the two primary methods of installing stone flooring?
Thin-set or Thick-set Installation
75
Thin-set (Stone Installation)
When a uniform thickness of stone is set on the subfloor with a special thin-set mortar (about 1/8" or less thick) , or with adhesive. They are less expensive, add less weight to the floor, and are faster to install. They are suitable for thin stone floors cut in uniform thicknesses in either residential or commercial construction.
76
Thick-set (Stone Installation)
When a layer of mortar (3/4" to 1-1/4" thick) is applied to a suitably prepared, structurally sound, subfloor. The stone is then either set in the semiwet mortar or the mortar is allowed to cure and the stone is set with another thin layer of dry-set mortar on top of the first.
77
What is thinset mortar, dryset mortar or drybond mortar?
Thinset mortar is a blend of cement, very finely graded sand, and a water retention compound that allows the cement to properly hydrate. Tile set by the thinset method is adhered to the substrate with a thin layer of "thinset" cement. The terms thinset cement, thinset mortar, dryset mortar and drybond mortar are synonymous. This type of cement is designed to adhere well in a thin layer - typically not greater than 3/16th thick. For example, a 3/8" notch trowel will produce a 3/16th inch thick coating after the tiles are pressed in to the cement. While very minor adjustments in height can be made, this method is not appropriate for adjusting the level or flatness of a surface - rather the tile will follow the plane of the substrate. (NOT FROM THE BOOK)
78
What is medium bed thinset?
Medium bed "thinset" mortars can be used to adjust for slightly larger variations in the substrate than can be accommodated with thinset mortar. They are also used with large, heavy or thick tiles, where a thicker setting bed and a coarser aggregate may be required to achieve a flat installation and to support the weight of the tile while the cement is curing. (NOT FROM THE BOOK)
79
What is a thick-bed installation, mortar bed installation, or thick-set installation?
Thick-bed installations are based on the traditional method of packing a mortar bed over a surface before installing the tile. The tile is adhered to the mortar bed either while the mortar bed is green (just beginning to dry) or after the mortar bed has cured. The mortar bed may be reinforced with wire and either set over a cleavage membrane (that allows the mortar bed to "float" free of the substrate) or bonded to the substrate - hence the use of the terms "floating mortar bed" or "bonded mortar bed". For wall applications, metal lath is mechanically anchored to the substrate and the mortar locks into the metal lath as it cures. The terms thick-bed installation, mortar bed installation, and thick-set installation are synonymous. (NOT FROM THE BOOK)
80
What type of mortar applications are usually best?
Thick-set. They MUST be used when the subfloor is uneven or when the stone varies in thickness, as with SLATE or SANDSTONE.
81
With thick-set methods, the mortar bed can be bonded to the subfloor or separated from it with a ________ membrane.
Cleavage
82
What method of stone installation allows the finish floor to be separate from the subfloor?
Thick-set method with a cleavage membrane between it and the subfloor. The mortar bed has steel reinforcing mesh in it. This way, if the floor deflects or moves slightly, the stone flooring is protected from cracking because it is not bonded to the structural floor.
83
Thin-set floors can be placed on ____ or _____ subfloors.
Wood or Concrete
84
Latex Grout
Grout that provides some flexibility when slight movement in the floor is expected.
85
Stone floors can be tightedly butted together or with a space between with ____ in between.
Grout
86
What must be considered when using a thick-set stone floor?
The weight of the stone and the mortar added to the floor and the extra thickness required. Thick-set stone floors are very heavy and require an extra 1-1/2 " to 2-1/2" above the subfloor. Structural capacities should be verified by an engineer.
87
Where should polished stone finishes NOT be used?
In areas where stone may get wet or in stairs because of potential slippage problems.
88
What are the best stone finishes for areas that may get wet or on stairways?
Flame Finish (Granite) and Abrasive Finish (Marble)
89
Terrazzo
A composite material poured in place or precast used for floors, walls, and stairs. It consists of marble, quartz, granite and other suitable chips, in a matrix that is cementitious, chemical, or a combination of both. It is poured, cured, and ground, and polished to produce a smooth surface.
90
What are the advantages of terrazzo?
Durability, water resistance, easy cleaning, fire resistance, and the availability of a wide choice of patterns and colors.
91
What are the four basic types of terrazzo?
Standard, Venetian, Palladian, & Rustic
92
Standard Terrazzo
The most common type of terrazzo, which uses small chips no larger than 3/8".
93
Venetian Terrazzo
Terrazzo that uses small chips no larger than 3/8".
94
Palladian Terrazzo
Terrazzo that uses random-fractured slabs of marble with standard terrazzo between.
95
Rustic Terrazzo
Terrazzo that has the matrix depressed to expose the chips.
96
Sand Cushion Method
Method of terrazzo installation that is the best way to avoid cracking of the terrazzo because the finish system is physically separated from the structural slab with a membrane, much the same as in one of the thick-set stone installation methods. Because the underbed is reinforced, the terrazzo system can move independently of the structure.
97
Bonded Method
Method of terrazzo installation that is used when floor movement or deflection is not expected.
98
Monolithic or Thin-Set Installation
Methods of terrazzo installation that can be used where the thickness of the installation is a problem.
99
How is terrazzo generally finished?
It's finished to a smooth surface using an 80-grit stone grinder.
100
How is terrazzo finished when a more textured surface is desired?
It can be ground with a rough 24-grit stone grinder.
101
What terrazzo finish is not appropriate for interior floors?
Rustic Terrazzo
102
Resilient Flooring
A general term describing several types of composition materials made for various resins, fibers, plasticizers, and fillers, and is formed under heat and pressure to produce a thin material, either sheets or tiles.
103
How is resilient flooring applied?
Applied with mastic to a subfloor of concrete, plywood, or other smooth underlayment. Some may be installed on floors above grade, and others may be placed below, on, or above grade.
104
Vinyl Flooring
Flooring including pure vinyl, vinyl composition, vinyl tiles, and sheet vinyl. It is a good, durable, resilient flooring that is RESISTANT TO INDENTATION, ABRASION, GREASE, WATER, ALKALIS, and SOME ACIDS. It is inexpensive and easy to install. It can be used on, under or above grade. It is installed over a clean,dry surface.
105
Sheet vinyl comes in ___, ___, or ___ ft wide rolls.
6', 9', or 12'
106
What is the the pro and con of vinyl sheet flooring?
It is slightly more difficult to install but it results in a floor with less seams.
107
Vinyl Composition Tile
Similar to vinyl tile but contains various fillers that decrease the % of PVC. It costs less than homogeneous vinyl, but it has less flexibility and abrasion resistance. Because of this, THE THROUGH-GRAIN TYPES SHOULD BE SPECIFIED. It is applied with mastic, however peel-and-stick is available for residential use. Foam-backed tiles are also available for greater resilience.
108
Through-Grain VCT
Tiles where the color and pattern extend uniformly through the tile thickness. This type should be specified due to is lesser flexibility and abrasion resistance than vinyl floors.
109
Rubber Flooring
Flooring made from synthetic rubber and offers excellent RESISTANCE TO DEFORMATION UNDER LOADS, providing a very comfortable, quiet, resilient floor. Rubber is NOT resistant to oil or grease. It is available with a patterned, raised surface that allows water and dirt to lie below the wearing surface, helping to prevent slipping or excessive abrasion. It is available in tiles or sheets in several thicknesses.
110
Cork Floor
Flooring made from granulated pieces of bark from the cork oak tree that are bonded together under heat and pressure. By varying the heat or adding dyes, a variety of colors may be produced - some with the characteristic straw color of cork and others as dark as walnut. Patterns range from standard, uniform flakes to alternating strips of dark and light material. It is a renewable resource because the tree grows new skin in about 9 years. The cork industry also preserves forests. Portugal produces 1/2 of the world's cork and regulates harvesting. It is available in tile and plank forms and is used where ACOUSTICAL CONTROL or a high degree of RESILIENCE is required. Tiles are commonly 12" square and 1/8" to 1/4" thick. Planks are 12" wide and 3' long and consist of cork laminated to t & g MDF.
111
How is cork flooring installed?
Tile is installed with adhesives; Planks are edge-glued without being adhered to the subfloor. The entire floor "floats" on the subfloor. IN EITHER CASE, THE SUBFLOOR MUST BE PERFECTLY SMOOTH so any unevenness does not telegraph through.
112
What are the finishes cork flooring is available in?
It is available prefinished or unfinished. Finishes include acrylic, polyurethane, and carnauba wax. Acrylic requires frequent reapplication (every 4 - 6 months). Polyurethane must be reapplied every 3 -7 years and the old finish must be sanded off to ensure the new finish will stick. Wax must be reapplied once a year.
113
Linoleum
Flooring composed of oxidized linseed oil, wood flour, pigments, and fillers applied over a backing of burlap or asphalt-saturated felt. It is available in solid colors or with multi-color patterns that extend through the thickness to the backing. Linoleum has a VERY GOOD ABRASION AND GREASE RESISTANCE but has limited resistance to alkalis. It is commonly available in 0.10" thickness. It is a popular sustainable material becaues it is composed of natural materials.
114
With all resilient flooring, what is critical of the substrate?
Substrate must be free of excess moisture and alkalinity. This is usually problematic when tile or other flooring materials are being placed on concrete floors.
115
What should concrete be tested for before laying finishes?
Moisture level - The maximum limit for moisture emission is 3.0 lbm/1000sf/24h when exposed to a 73 degree F temperature and 50% relative humidtiy.
116
How does the interior designer designate what moisture test is to be used on concrete subfloors?
The designer must state the requirements in the specifications.
117
Calcium Chloride Test (Moisture Dome Test)
One of the most common and inexpensive, easy slab moisture tests. This test is made by placing a standard mass of calcium chloride below a plastic cover and sealing it to the concrete floor. After 60 to 72 hours, the calcium chloride is weighed to compare it with its pre-test weight. Through a mathematical formula the amount of moisture the calcium chloride absorbed is converted to the standard measure of pounds per 1000 sf per 24 hour period. One test should be conducted EVERY 500 SF to 1000 SF of slab area.
118
Hygrometer Test (Relative Humidity Test)
Slab moisture test that determines the moisture emission by measuring relative humidity (RH) of the atmosphere confined adjacent to the concrete floor. In this test a pocket of air is trapped below a vapor-impermeable box, and a probe in the device measures the RH. Test standards recommend that moisture-sensitive flooring not be installed unless the RH is 75% or less.
119
Polyethylene Sheet Test
A qualitative slab moisture test conducted by sealing an 18" x 18" sheet of plastic to the floor to trap excessive moisture. After a minimum of 16 hours a visual inspection is made of the floor and the sheet. The presence of visible water indicates the concrete is insufficiently dry for the application of finish. This is similar to the Mat Test.
120
Mat Test
Slab moisture test similar to the Polyethylene Sheet Test. A qualitative method that uses a 24" x 24" sample of vapor-retardant floor finish. The sample is applied with adhesive, and the eges are sealed with tape. After 72 hours a visual inspection is made. If the mat is firmly bonded or removal of the mat is difficult, then the level of moisture present is considered to be sufficiently low for installation of the flooring material.
121
Electrical Impedance Test
Slab moisture test that uses proprietary meters to determine the moisture content of the concrete by measuring conductance and capacitance. Probes of the meters are placed on the concrete, and the percentage of moisture content in the slab is read out directly.
122
Besides moisture tests, what else should a concrete slab be tested for?
pH level and alkalinity.
123
pH Level
A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a material rated on a scale from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Materials with a pH less than 7 are acidic; over 7 are considered alkaline. The scale is logarithmic, so a material which a pH of 12 is 10x more alkaline than one with a pH of 11. CONCRETE NORMALLY HAS A pH OF 12.0 to 13.3.
124
Where do alkalis come from in concrete slabs?
Besides what is in the slab itself, excess alkalinity can also be carried from the soil below a slab-on-grade through the mitigation of water vapor.
125
pH and alkalinity are not the same. Give an example of this.
Two slabs can have the same pH level, but one can have a much higher alkalinity. Alkalinity cannot exist without moisture, because moisture causes the soluble alkalis in the concrete to enter into solution.
126
What two problems does alkalinity in concrete cause?
(1) High alkalinity on the surface of the slab can damage a tile installation by causing the adhesive to re-emulsify, or return to its original liquid state. (2) It also causes problems with other coatings. At a level of about 9 or 10, most tile adhesives may begin to experience problems, although professional-grade adhesives can sometimes be used with a pH of 11. Surface alkalinity can be controlled with various proprietary coatings.
127
Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR)
In this process strongly alkaline cement begins to dissolve sand and rock within the concrete. The chemical reaction creates a gel-like material that causes tremendous pressure in the pores of the concrete surface. This pressure can BUCKLE or BLISTER floor finishes. The rist for ASR can be REDUCED BY SPECIFYING AGGREGATES that are NOT susceptible for ASR, using LOW-LIME CEMENT, PROPER CURING, and NOT FINISHING the concrete with a hard trowel surface.
128
pH Test
Used to test the surface of concrete that will come in contact with flooring adhesives or other critical floor coatings. It is a simple test that uses a coated paper strip or small pH meter. Once the pH level is known, it can be compared with the maximum pH recommended by the flooring manufacturer. a pH of 8.5 IS CONSIDERED IDEAL and abotu the minimum that concrete can have, with values up to 9.0 being acceptable.
129
Titration Test
Test that can be used to determine the level of alkalinity in concrete. This involves grinding portions of the concrete, mixing those portions with demineralized water, and performing laboratory chemical analysis. A TESTING LABORATORY MUST PERFORM THIS TEST.
130
What is one of the most commonly specified floor materials?
Carpet
131
Rug
Soft floor covering laid on the floor but not fastened to it. It does not cover the entire floor.
132
Sheet Carpet
Carpet that comes in long rolls, commonly 12' wide and installed so no seams are visible.
133
Carpet Tiles
Individual pieces of carpet, typ. 18" square, that are appleid to the floor with pressure-sensitive adhesive. Damaged/worn pieces can be removed and replaced easily. They are specified in commercial spaces where frequent changes in room layout are expected, where maintenance may be a problem, or where flat, undercarpet electrical and telephone cabling is used.
134
What fibers are carpets made of?
Wool, nylon, acrylic, modacrylic, polyester, and olefin.
135
Nylon (Carpet Fiber)
An economical carpet material that is very strong and wear resistant. It has a HIGH STAIN RESISTANCE and excellent crush resistance. It can be dyed with a wide variety of colors and it cleans easily. Some nylons have static problems and a glossy sheen, but these problems can be alleviated with improved fiber construction and by blending nylon with other fibers. Because of it's advantages, INCLUDING COST, nylon is THE MOST WIDELY USED fiber for residential and commercial carpets.
136
Acrylic (Carpet Fiber)
Carpet fiber that has moderate abrasion resistance, but it has more wool-like appearance than nylon. Like nylon, it can be dyed with a variety of colors, has good crush resistance and is easy to maintain. Modacrylic is a modified version of acrylic.
137
Polyester (Carpet Fiber)
Carpet fiber made from synthetic polymers and is highly ABRASION RESISTANT, has good crush resistance, cleans well, is MILDEW RESISTANT, and is low in cost. It is sometimes blended with nylon.
138
Olefin (Carpet Fiber)
aka Polypropylene - Carpet fiber used primarily for indoor-outdoor carpet and as an alternative to jute for carpet BACKING. It is VERY DURABLE, stain resistant, and cleans easily. It is the LEAST ATTRACTIVE of the artificial fibers and has a LOW MELTING POINT.
139
What are the ways carpet is constructed?
Weaving, Tufting, Needle Punching, Fusion Bonding, and (less frequently) Knitting and Custom Tufting
140
Weaving
Traditional method of making carpet by interlacing warp and weft yarns. It is a method that produces a very ATTRACTIVE, durable carpet, but is the most expensive method of making carpet on a machine. There are 3 primary weaving methods: Wilton, Velvet, and Axminster.
141
Wilton Carpet
Carpet produced on a Jacquard loom that allows complex patterns to be woven into the carpet and can create several types of surface textures including level cut pile, level loop, cut/uncut, and multilevel loop. Becaue different colors of yarn run UNDER the surface of the carpet and are pulled up only when needed, Wiltons are generally HEAVIER and MORE EXPENSIVE than other woven carpets of the same weight.
142
Velvet Carpet
Simplest form of weaving that places all the pile yarn on the face of the carpet. They are typically solid colors, but multi-colored yarns can be used in a variety of surface textures including plushes, loop pile, cut-pile, multilevel loop, and cut-and-loop styles.
143
Axminster Carpet
Made on a modified Jacquard loom that delivers different colors of yarn at different times according to the pattern desired. Because of the weaving process, this carpet can be produced in a range of patterns and colors, from geometric to floral. UNLIKE WILTON, most of the pile yarn is placed ON THE SURFACE. The carpet has an even, cut-pile surface with a heavily ribbed backing.
144
Tufting
Process in which the pile yarn is punched through the backing with rows of needles, much like the method employed by a sewing machine. As the needle goes through the backing, the yarn is caught and held white the needle makes the next pass. The loop of yarn can be left as is for loop carpet or cut for cut-pile carpet. Because of the speed and relative low cost of tufting, this process accounts for the MAJORITY OF THE CARPET MANUFACTURED.
145
Needle Punching
Similar to tufting, except that the fiber is pulled through a backing with BARBED NEEDLES. It produces a carpet of LIMITED VARIATION in texture and accounts for a very SMALL percentage of the total carpet market.
146
Fusion Bonding
Embeds the pile yarn in a backing of liquid vinyl. When the vinyl hardens, the tufts are permanently locked in the backing. It is the primary construction of CARPET TILES.
147
What affects the durabiltiy and appearance of carpet?
The amount of yarn in a given area, how tightly the yarn is packed, and the height of the yarn.
148
What is the pitch of a woven carpet?
The number of ends of surface yarn in a 27" width. For tufted carpets, this measurement is called the GAUGE.
149
Gauge
The spacing in fractions on an inch between needles across the width of the carpet. Gauges of 5/64, 1/10, and 1/8" are common for contract carpet.
150
Stitch (Stitch Rate)
The number of lengthwise tufts in 1 inch.
151
The higher the pitch or gauge number and stitch number are, the _______ the carpet is.
Denser
152
Pile Height
The height of the fibers from the surface of the backing to the top of the pile.
153
Generally, _______ and more ______ packed fibers result in a more durable but more expensive carpet.
Shorter; Tightly
154
With woven and knitted carpet, the ____ yarns and _________ yarns are combined during the manufacturing process.
Pile; Backing
155
What is the most common type of carpet backing yarn for woven carpets?
Polypropylene (Others include jute, cotton, and polyester)
156
How is tufted carpet backed?
Tufted carpet is manufactured by punching the yarns through a primary backing of woven or nonwoven polypropylene or woven jute. A secondary backing, usually of latex, is then applied.
157
Carpet padding isn't required with what type of carpet installation?
Direct Glue-Down
158
What are common carpet padding materials?
Sponge rubber, felt, urethane, and foam rubber.
159
Sponge Rubber
Carpet padding made from natural or synthetic rubber and other chemicals and fillers and has a facing on the top side. It is available in flat sheets or a waffled configuration.
160
Felt
Carpet padding available in four forms: hair, combination, fiber and rubberized.
161
Hair Felt
Composed of 100% animal hair.
162
Combination Felt
A mixture of animal hair and other fibers.
163
Fiber Felt
Composed entirely of non-animal fibers.
164
Rubberized Felt
Either Hair, Combination, or Fiber Felt with a rubberized coating on one side.
165
Urethane
Carpet padding manufactured in one of three ways to produce prime, densified, or bonded sheets, each of which has a different range of densities. Thicknesses range from 1/4" to 3/4".
166
Foam Rubber
Carpet padding commonly applied as an integral backing to some carpets. It is natural or synthetic latex rubber with additives and it has a backing on one side.
167
What are the two methods of carpet installation?
Direct Glue-Down and Stretch-In Installation
168
How is a carpet cushion installed?
Either stapled to wood floors or glued to concrete floors after the tackless strips are in place.
169
Describe tackless strips used for carpet installation.
They are attached around the perimeter of the room, and they have embedded sharp points that face toward the wall and hold the carpet in place.
170
All carpet must meet the requirements of ASTM _____.
ASTM D2859
171
ASTM D2859
Methenamine Pill Test - This test measures the response of a carpet sample to a burning methenamine tablet. (16 CRF 1630)
172
What test is required for carpet in the IBC?
ASTM E648
173
ASTM E648
Flooring Radiant Panel Test
174
In the IBC, when a carpet is not required to be either a Class I or Class II material according to the Radiant Panel Test, it must meet the requirements of the ____ _____.
Pill Test (ASTM D2859)
175
What are the two primary types of tiles?
Ceramic and Quarry
176
What are the advantages of tile?
Durability, water resistance (if glazed), ease of installation and cleaning, a wide choice of sizes and colors, FIRE RESISTANCE, fade resistance, and the ability to STORE HEAT FOR PASSIVE SOLAR COLLECTION.
177
Ceramic Tile
A surfacing unit made from clay or a mixture of clay and other ceramic materials, having either a glazed or unglazed face. It is fired ABOVE RED HEAT to a temperature high enough to produce specific physical properties and characteristics.
178
Quarry Tile
Glazed or unglazed tile usually with 6 sq. in. or more of facial area, and is made by the EXTRUSION process from natural clay or shale.
179
What are some of the common types of tile?
Glazed wall, unglazed, ceramic mosaic, paver, quarry (glazed or unglazed), abrasive, and antistatic.
180
Ceramic Mosaic Tiles
Tiles formed by either the dust-pressed or extrusion method, is 1/4" to 3/8" thick, and has facial area of less than 6 sq. in.
181
Dust Pressing
Uses large presses to shape the tile out of relatively dry clay.
182
Extrusion Process
Uses machines to cut tiles from a wetter and more malleable clay extruded through a die.
183
How does the US tile industry classify tiles under and over 6 sq. in.?
Under 6 sq. in. is mosaic tile; over 6 sq. in. is wall tile.
184
Glazed and unglazed nonmosaic tile made by the extrusion method is call ____ tile.
Quarry
185
Glazed and unglazed tile over 6 sq. in. made by the dust-pressed method is call ____ tile.
Paver
186
Tile is also classified according to its resistance to ____ ________.
Water Absorbtion
187
Nonvitreous Tile
Has a water absorbtion rate of more than 7.0%.
188
Impervious Tile
Has a water absorbtion rate of less than 0.5%.
189
Semivitreous & Vitreous Tile are classified between _______ & ________ tile.
Nonvitreous and Impervious
190
_________ tile is not classified like the U.S.
Imported
191
How are European tiles classified according to what?
Production Method (dustpressed or extrusion), Degree of Water Absorbtion, Finish and whether Glazed or Unglazed
192
What are the classifications of tile abrasion resistance?
Group I (light residential), Group II (moderate residential), Group III (maximum residential) and Group IV, (commercial).
193
Grade of light residential tile.
Grade I
194
Grade of moderate residential tile.
Grade II
195
Grade of maximum residential tile.
Grade III
196
Grade of commercial tile.
Grade IV
197
Laminate Flooring
A variation of plastic laminate material, is composed of a clear wearing sheet over a melamine-impregnated decorative printed sheet with core layers of phenolic-impregnated kraft paper. These sheets are laminated to a high-density fiberboard core under heat and pressure covered with a water-resistant backing sheet. It is about 5/16" thick and is normally laid on a cushioned foam underlayment with the t & g edges glued together. A vapor barrier is normally required when it is laid over a concrete floor.
198
What forms is laminate flooring available in?
Planks (like wood strip but wider), Square Tiles, or Rectangular Blocks.
199
What are the pros of laminate flooring?
It is hard, durable, resistant to staining, and relatively easy to install. It is a less expensive alternative to wood flooring.
200
Where should laminate flooring NOT be use?
Rest rooms or other potentially wet areas.
201
Seamless Flooring
A mixture of a resinous matrix, fillers, and decorative material applied in a liquid or viscous form that cures to a hard, seamless surface. It is either poured or trowel applied onto a subfloor. Some are self-leveling, while others need to be poured on a level surface.
202
How is epoxy terrazzo floor finished?
Surface ground after its cured, producing a smooth surface.
203
______ flooring is a high-performance flooring that is used where special characteristics are required, such as extreme hardness, severe stain and chemical resistance, or excellent water resistance, or where cleanliness and ease of cleaning are required.
Seamless
204
Where is seamless flooring used?
Industrial floors, commercial kitchens and food preparation plants, factories, clean rooms, laboratories, hospitals, correctional facilities, and parking garages.
205
The materials used for seamless flooring are divided into ________ and _________ products.
Thermosetting and Thermoplastic
206
What are some of the more common thermosetting matrices?
Two-part epoxy, two-part polyurethane, polychloroprene (neoprene) and two-part polyester. One-part mixtures are also available but are not as good as two-part mixtures.
207
What are common thermoplastic flooring?
Acrylic and Mastic Products
208
Mastics
Composed of asphalt emulsion, portland cement, and various types of sand or stone filler.
209
Seamless flooring is applied in thicknesses from...
1/16" to 1/2", depending on the type of product. Mastics may be as thick as 1-1/2".
210
What subfloors can seamless flooring be installed over?
Concrete or wood subflooring, with the material turned up at the walls to form an integral cove base.
211
Coefficiency of Friction (COF)
Measurement of the degree of slip resistance of a floor surface and ranges from 0 to 1.
212
The higher the COF, the _____ slippery the surface.
Less
213
What are the two basic measures of the friction of tiles?
Station COF and Dynamic COF
214
How is the static COF measured?
From a resting position.
215
How is the dynamic COF measured?
When the two surfaces are in relative motion. It is difficult to measure because the measurement must be done in a laboratory for accurate results.
216
The dynamic COF is always _____ than the static COF for the same two surfaces.
Less
217
Most COF test, either in the laboratory or the field, measure the _______ COF.
Static
218
What are the factors that affect slip resistance?
Wet vs. dry, shoe material, person's weight, and the angle of impact, stride length, and floor contamination.
219
ASTM D2047
Standard Test Method for STATIC Coefficient of Friction of Polished-Coated Floor Surfaces as Measured by the JAMES MACHINE. This of of the most COMMON tests used and is considered to be the most accurate and reliable measure of slip resistance. It can ONLY be performed in the laboratory on smooth, dry surfaces. This test produces INCONSISTENT results from one surface to the next. The coefficients of this test cannot be compared with those from other tests.
220
ASTM F1679
Standard Test Method for Using a Variable Incidence Tribometer. This can be used EITHER in LAB or in the FIELD and can measure wet surfaces or surfaces contaminated with grease, oil, or similar substances.
221
ASTM F1677
Standard Test Method for Using a Portable Inclineable Articulated Strut Slip Tester. Like ASTM F1679, this test can be used EITHER in the LAB or FIELD to measure wet surfaces or surfaces contaminated with grease, oil, or similar substances.
222
ASTM F609
Standard Test Method for Using a Horizontal Pull Slipmeter. This test is also widely used in addition to the ASTM C1028 test, which measures static COF of footwear soles, heels, or related materials on walkway surfaces. Laboratories require a level of 0.5 or higher as a minimum safety level for ASTM C1028.
223
When using ASTM D2047, the James Machine Test, a COF of _____ has been considered the minimum required for a slip-resistant floor. This also is the minimum set by OSHA and ASTM C1028.
0.5
224
ASTM F462
Consumer Safety Specification for Slip-Resistant Bathing Facilities. This test is used with SOAPY WATER for bathtubs and shower structures.
225
Many SUGGEST a COF of ____ is required for a slip-resistant floor.
0.6
226
When specifying slip resistance, the designer must refer to the _____ being used.
Test
227
Although ADA does not define the COF for a slip resistant floor, an eppendix suggests a COF of ___ for floors and ____ for ramps.
0.6 for floors; 0.8 for ramps.
228
Before specifying a particular type of floor and the minimum COF, a dsigher should take into account what?
The conditions under which the floor tile and other flooring will be used. (e.g. a public lobby would need to be more slip resistant than a residential bathroom, because people are taking longer strides and have slippery shoe materials).
229
Painting
Generic term for the application of thin coatings of various materials to protect and decorate the sufaces to which they are applied.
230
What are coatings composed of?
A vehicle (the liquid part) and the body and pigments if the coating is opaque.
231
What are the two parts of the vehicle of coatings?
Binder (non-volatile part) and Solvent (volatile part)
232
What forms the actual film of a coating?
Binder & Body
233
What dissolves the binder to allow for application of the coating?
Solvent
234
The _____ evaporates or dries, leaving the final coating finish.
Solvent
235
What is the body of most quality paints made of?
Titanium Dioxide (this is white)
236
What gives paint its color?
Paint
237
What are the two broad classifications of paints?
Water-Based and Solvent-Based
238
Describe the different binders of water-based and solvent-based paints.
Solvent-based coatings have binders dissolved in or containing ORGANIC SOLVENTS, while the water-based type has binders that are SOLUBLE or DISPERSED IN WATER.
239
What are the clear, solvent-based coatings?
Varnishes, Shellac, Silicone, and Urethane.
240
When a small amount of pigment is added to clear, solvent-based coatings, it becomes a _______.
Stain
241
It is not necessary for a coating to have a pigment to protect an _________ surface as is usually required for _______ surfaces.
Interior; Exterior
242
____ paints use a drying, or curing ___ as a binder.
Oil
243
What is used nowadays as the drying oil in oil paints?
Synthetic Alkyd Resin
244
What are the pros and cons of oil paints?
They are durable, but they have a strong odor when applied and must be cleaned up with solvents. They cannot be painted on damp surfaces or on surfaces that may become damp from behind.
245
Latex Paints
Water-based paints with vinyl chloride or acrylic resins as binders. It can be used outside and can be thinned with water.
246
Which is better: Acrylic Latex or Vinyl Latex?
Acrylic
247
For more durable finishes, ______ is used as a binder for resistance to corrosion and chemical.
Epoxy
248
_______ are durable, resist abrasion, and strongly adhere to concrete, metal, and wood.
Epoxies
249
What type of coating is used for superior resistance to abrasion, grease, alcohol, water, and fuels, and are also used for wood floors and antigraffiti coatings.
Urethanes
250
How is the amount of coating to be applied specified?
As either wet or dry film thickness in mils (1/1000th of an inch) for each coat needed.
251
At what temperature range should coatings be applied?
55-85 degrees F
252
What are gloss or semi-gloss paints used for?
Their washability and shiny appearance.
253
Describe a satin finish.
Has a dull luster while still retaining some washability.
254
The type of _____ of a coating finish is determined by the amount of light reflected from a surface according to a standard test method.
Gloss
255
What are the two important environmental and safety considerations a designer should be aware of when specifying paint?
Lead-Based Paint & VOCs
256
If a building was built before _____, it may have lead based paint.
1978
257
What does federal law required when it comes to lead-based paint?
Anyone conducted lead-based paint activities must be certified and that lead based paint be removed from some types of residential occupancies and child-occupied facilities by a certified company using approved methods from removal and disposal.
258
What can sometimes be an alternate to a costly lead-paint removal?
Cover the wall with a new layer of GWB or paint over the wall.
259
What should an interior designer do if a client lives in an older house where the presence of lead paint is suspected?
Inform the client and suggest that a qualified consultant test the paint for lead content and recommend removal methods, if required.
260
VOCs
Hydrocarbon solvents used in paints, stains and other products that are released into the air during the application of coatings and react with nitrous oxides and sunlight to form ozone.
261
Describe the EPA's regulation on VOC content in paints and coatings.
As required by the Clean Air Act od 1972, the EPA issued a regulation in 1999 that requires the amount of VOCs in paint to be reduce; the reduction depends on the type of coating and gloss type.
262
How is wallpaper generally packaged?
Rolls 20-1/2" wide by 21' long, about 36' sf. (double and trips rolls are available).
263
What must be done to a wall before wallpaper is applied?
A liquid sizing must be applied to the wall to seal the surface against alkali, reduce the absorbtion of the paste or adhesive used, and provide the proper surface for the wallpaper.
264
Pattern Repeat
The distance between one paint to the next repeated same point.
265
Straight Match
When one length of wallpaper is aligned with the next piece in a direct horizontal line.
266
Drop Match
When the next piece of wallpaper must be lowered to continue the pattern.
267
_____ ____ ________ provides a durable, abrasion-resistant finish that is easy to clean and can satisfy most code requirements for flammability.
Vinyl Wall Covering
268
What are the typical roll sizes for vinyl wall covering?
52" or 54" wide by 30 yards long.
269
What is polyvinyl fluoride film used for?
Wall covering can be specified with this coating to provide added stain resistance and extra protection for the vinyl. (Other types of films are available but are not as stain resistant.)
270
Describe the three grades of vinyl wall covering.
Type I (light duty) Type II (medium duty) and Type III (heavy duty)
271
Type I --- Vinyl Wall Covering
Light Duty with a total weight of 7 oz/yd2 to 13/oz/yd2. -- Used for residential and commercial applications where NO ABUSE is expected. It serves as a substitute for paint and adds texture.
272
Type II --- Vinyl Wall Covering
Medium Duty with a total weight of 13 oz/yd2 to 22/oz/yd2. - Used for residential, commercial, and institutional applications where a moderate amount of traffice and abrasion is expected (offices, dining rooms, classrooms, and some corridors).
273
Type III --- Vinyl Wall Covering
Heavy Duty with a total weight of over 22 oz/yd2. -- Used where extra heavy use is expected (public corridors, food-service areas, and hospitals).
274
What should be done to new wallboard before applying vinyl wallcovering?
Primer should be applied to prevent damage to the partition to prevent damage when wall covering is removed.
275
What two methods of seaming are used for applying vinyl wall covering?
Double-Cutting and Butting
276
Double-Cutting
One of two methods of applying vinyl wall covering that involves OVERLAPPING adjacent strips and removing both. This results in a VERY TIGHT BUTT JOINT.
277
Butting
One of two methods of applying vinyl wall covering that is used for PATTERNED wall covering where matching is CRITICAL, or with DARK-COLORED or deeply embossed material where removal of adhesive is difficult.
278
What types of fabrics can be used for wall covering?
Wool, Silk, and Synthetics, subject to flame-spread restrictions.
279
When can a fabric be installed directly to the wall?
Fabrics that are heavy enough.
280
How is fabric wall covering seamed?
Seams are butted together to give the appearance of a continuous wall surface.
281
When fabric wall covering is applied as a single layer of material, the terminating edges are ___ against the ceiling, base, molding, etc. The adhesive usually is sufficient to hold the fabric in place.
Cut
282
In what situations does fabric wall covering require a tuck joint?
(1) Where fabric abuts other finishes (2) Where there is a danger of people brushing against the fabric edge, or (3) Where a neat and precise line is needed.
283
Tuck Joint
With fabric or vinyl wall covering, a small recess where the fabric can be tucked into a small crack, giving a neater edge and concealing any minor delamination of the fabric edges from the partition should it occur.
284
What is an alternative method of installing fabric wall covering than adhesive?
Upholstered Wall
285
Upholstered Wall
Fabric stretched over a frame and secured into place.
286
What is the difference between an upholstered wall and an acoustical panel?
An upholstered panel becomes an acoustical panel when fabric is placed over a thick fiberglass batting. They are designed as individual panels and have at least one inch of sound-absorbing material. Also, they are covered with a PERMEABLE material (e.g. loose weave fabric) so that the sound energy can pass through the fabric and be dissipated in the material underneath.
287
Whatever way fabric is applied to a wall, it must conform to the required ___ _____ for finishes either by being ___ _______ itself or by being ____-_________ treated.
Fire Rating; Fire Resistant; Fire-Retardant
288
What two important decisions must be made with acoustical panels?
(1) Fabric Type - the fabric must be permeable to allow for sound energy to pass through. The fabric should NOT be backed. Fabrics should by HYDROPHOBIC. Hydrophilic fabrics should be avoided or be limited to 25% of the fabric's contents. (2) Core Material - Can be a loose material such as fiberglass or polyester batting, or a tackable material such as mineral fiberboard or tackable, acoustic fiberglass.
289
Mineral Fiberboard
A dimensionally stable composite of inorganic mineral fibers with a microperforated surface.
290
Tackable Acoustic Fiberglass
A non-combustible fibrous glass mat bonded with a resinous binder and formed into a rigid board with a finish face of thin, rigid fiberglass mesh.
291
What core materials for acoustic panels should be avoided?
Pressed, recycled paper products (they absorb moisture and do not have good dimensional stability).
292
Hydrophobic Fabric
Fabrics that DO NOT absorb and retain water and include the following: Modacrylics, polyester, cotton, linen, olefin, and wool.
293
Hydrophilic Fabric
Fabrics that absorb and retain water and include the following: Silk, Rayon, Nylon, and Acetate.
294
What are types of balanced weave fabrics?
Jacquards and Damasks
295
What are types of unbalanced weave fabrics?
Satin, Taffetas, and Basket Weaves
296
How can stone be used in interiors?
As a wall finish, in thick slabs, or in thin veneer sheets.
297
Standard-Set Method of Installing Stone
Slabs about 3/4" thick are attached to wall substrates (masonry or GWB) with stainless steel wires or ties. These are anchored to the substrate and hold the stone by being set in holes or slots cut into the back or sides of the stone panel. Lumps of plaster of Paris (called spots) are placed between the substrate and the back of the stone panel at each anchor to hold the slab in place and allow for precise alignment before they harden. For rooms with normal ceiling heights, the stone rests on the floor with the anchors simply serving to hold each panel on place. The joints can be filled with nonstaining portland cement mortar, filled with sealant, or left open.
298
What are the 4 categories of window coverings?
Shades, Blinds, Soft Coverings, & Fixed Coverings
299
Roller Shades & Inverted Roller Shades
Coverings that consist of a piece of cloth wound around a spring roller. They are INEXPENSIVE and can be covered with decorative fabric. They block off all the view when closed and can interfere with ventilation. They also block light unless made from a translucent material.
300
Roman Shades
Shades that pull up with a cord into accordian folds.
301
Austrian Shades
Shades that operate in a way similar to Roman shades but are made of several rows of fabric seamed in such a way that they fold into scallops when opened.
302
Venetian Blinds
Traditional blinds consist of horizontal slats of wood, aluminum or plastic whose angle can be adjusted with a control cord. The blinds can also be pulled up to varying levels with another cord.
303
Mini Blinds
Horizontal slats of aluminum like Venetian blinds, but they are only 1/2" to 1" wides. The angle of the slats is controlled with a plastic rod. They can be pulled up to expose the entire window area.
304
Vertical Blinds
Blinds that hang from a track and adjust only in the vertical direction. They can be pulled to the side to expose the window and are available in several widths and colors.
305
Louvered Shutters
Rigid panels that are hinged so they can be opened or closed. Individual panels have thin, adjustable horizontal louvers to control the view and light.
306
Drapery
Any loosely hung fabric that covers the window. Often the fabric is attached to a traverse rod that allows the drapery to be drawn open and closed, but also can be fixed, have tie-backs, and loose-hung swags.
307
What are 4 common methods of pleating drapery?
Pinch Pleat, Stack Pleat, Roll Pleat, and Accordian Pleat
308
What is the most important consideration when specifying drapery?
Flammability
309
Curtains
Fabric usually hung within the window frame and close to the glass. They are generally not intended to be opened, but remain fixed across all or a portion of the window.
310
Translucent Panels
When a clear view is not required or desired, these can be used to admit diffused light, and can be constructed of various types of plastic, sheer fabric, frosted glass, or even paper using fixed or sliding shoji screens.
311
Grilles
Used to modify strong light or minimize an undesirable view while still providing some visual connection to the outside. Can be metal or wood and can be fixed or movable. Also can be used when security is required.
312
Jalousie Window
Consists of individual pieces of glass, about 3 in to 4 in wide, that all pivot outward at once for ventilation. They are difficult to get a good seal on the louvers so these are rarely used anymore, and if they are, they should only be used in warmer climates.
313
What two pieces of information are needed to estimate the amount of carpet needed for a given installation?
Area of Space & Carpet Layout (showing seaming locations and direction of the nap)
314
For rectangular rooms NO LARGER THAN 12', calculate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to get the number of square yards required. Round fractions to the next full yard.
. . . the area in square feet and divide by 9
315
What should be done if a room is less than 12' wide and waste must be included in the carpet calculation?
The area of the carpet needed will be a multiple of 4 yd2, because most carpet in the US and CAN comes in rolls 12' wide.
316
A room 10' wide by 15' long required how many yards of carpet ?
20yd2 with a 2' waste strip.
317
For rooms wider than 12', what does the amount of carpet depend on?
Seam locations and the direction of the nap.
318
Nap
Direction in which the pile of a carpet tends to slant.
319
Carpet should be laid so that . . .
all the nap runs in the same direction.
320
What size allowance should be included in carpet calculations to provide for rooms that are slightly out of square?
2"
321
What are some general guidelines for locating carpet seams?
(1) Minimize the number of seams (2) Avoid seams across (perpendicular to) the main path of traffic and doorsway (3) Avoid placing seams where light will make them more apparent (4) Place seams away from major interior/arch features (5) Avoid seams where traffic is heavy or where the flow of traffic changes direction.
322
What steps must be used to calculate carpet for a straight run of stairs?
(1) Multiply the number of risers by the height of the riser in inches. (2) Multiply the number of treads plus one by the depth of each tread in inches. The number of treads plus one will be the same as the number of risers. This "plus one" accounts for the top stop, which is considered part of the upper floor. Alternatively, you can add 12" instead of the depth of the tread. (3) Add the results from 1 and 2. (4) Allow 1" for each combined tread and riser to account for the nosing. This will be the same number of risers. (5) Add the results of 3 & 4. (6) Divide the total from step 5 by 12 to convert from inches to feet. Round up to the nearest whole foot. (7) Multiply the result of step 6 by the width of the stair in feet. Divide the number of square feet by 9 to get the total number of square yards of carpet required. Round up to the nearest whole number. (8) If the stair has one or more landings, add the area of the landing to the total from step 7.
323
What are the two basic methods for estimating the amount of wallpaper or other wall covering needed for a job?
Square Footage Method and Strip Method
324
Most wall covering calculation questions on the NCIDQ exam can be answered with the _____ _______ method.
Square Footage
325
Square Footage Method
Method of calculating wall covering where the total area to be covered is calculated, modified by an allowance for waste and deductions for openings. Then, the area covered by one roll or bolt is divided by into the total area to determine the number of rolls or bolts needed.
326
Wallpaper is sold by the _____.
Roll or Double Roll
327
When should the square footage method be used to calculate wallcovering?
To calculate wallpaper and for situations in which the cost must be found based on the price per roll. It can also be used with commercial vinyl wall covering.
328
Which wall covering calculation method is more accurate: square footage method or strip method?
Strip Method
329
Strip Method (Drop Method or Strip-Count Method)
Method of calculating wall covering where the total perimeter of the room is calculated in inches and then is divided by the width of the roll of wall covering material. This give the number of strips needed. This number is multiplied by the height of the ceiling to get the number of linear feet. The linear footage can be converted to linear yards or to the number of rolls. The strip method works for any width of wall covering and does not required memorizing or calculating how many square feet can be covered by a roll of given width.
330
When should the strip method be used to calculate wallcovering?
When the required answer is the number of linear yards or the cost is based on price per yard.
331
Commercial wall covering is typically sold by the ______.
Yard
332
Square Footage Method for Rolls Less than 54" Wide
(1) Calculate the perimeter of the room in feet. (2) Multiply the perimeter by the height of the walls to be covered to get the total amount of area required in square feet. (3) To the area found in step 2, add an extra 20% for waste. (4) Calculate the area of doors, windows and other areas not covered. 15 sf for one door opening or two windows is a common rule of thumb. (5) Subtract the area in step 4 from the area in step 3. This is the total area of wallpaper needed. (6) Divide the area per roll of wallpaper into the area found in step 5 to determine the number of rolls needed. Round fractions up to the next whole number.
333
What area is used as a rule of thumb when subtracting door or window area from wallpaper calculations?
15 sf for one door opening or two windows is a common rule of thumb.
334
A roll of 27" wide wallpaper contains ____ sf.
36
335
A double roll of wallpaper contains ____ sf.
72
336
Which is more common, a single or double roll of wallpaper?
Double
337
A European or metric roll of wallpaper is ____ in wide.
20-1/2
338
A single metric roll is about ___ ft long and contains about ____ sf.
16.4', 28 sq ft
339
A double metric roll is about ____ ft long and contains ____ sf.
32.8', 56 sq ft
340
Oriental wallpaper comes in _____ widths.
36"
341
What is a common method for estimating the required number of standard 27" wide rolls?
Calculate the area required by calculating the perimeter of the room and multiplying it by the height of the walls, then divide by 30 sf. This number allows for waste in a standard 36 sf roll. Then subtract one roll for every two openings of ordinary size. THIS IS NOT AS ACCURATE AS THE SQUARE FOOTAGE METHOD but it can be used to quickly compare and check answers. (For EURO wallpaper, divide the total area by 25 sf per single metric roll, or 50 sf for a double roll.
342
Random Match
A type of pattern in which there are no elements that must line up from one strip to another; any two adjacent strips will match no matter how they are aligned.
343
When should a random match be used when hanging wall covering?
When wallpaper or another wall covering does not have a directional design or texture (solids, vertical stripes).
344
What method of hanging wall covering creates the least waste?
Random Match
345
What methods of hanging wall covering are rarely covered on the NCIDQ?
Straight Match or Random Match
346
Straight Match (Straight-Across Match)
Method of hanging wall covering where a design elements repeat horizontally, and each strip starts at the ceiling line at the same place in the pattern.
347
Drop Match
A type of pattern in which design elements drop down each time they are repeated, so that they appear to repeat on a diagonal. The most common is a half-drop match.
348
Half-Drop Match
Pattern in which the design elements drop from one strip to the next by half the distance of the pattern repeat. Every other strip starts at the ceiling line at the same place in the pattern.
349
Questions on the NCIDQ exam about wallpaper usually involve . . .
Half-Drop Matched Wallpaper
350
How is half-drop matched wallpaper calculated?
(1) Divide the height of the wall to be covered in inches by the distance of the pattern repeat in inches. Round fractions up to the nearest whole number. (2) Multiply the result of step 1 by the distance of the pattern repeat in inches. This is the MODIFIED CEILING HEIGHT, or working height, to use in the remainder of the calculation. Convert inches to feet by dividing by 12. (3) Multiply the modified ceiling height by the perimeter of the room. (Same as standard calculation from this point on . . ) (4) To the area found in step 2, add an extra 20% for waste. (5) Calculate the area of doors, windows and other areas not covered. 15 sf for one door opening or two windows is a common rule of thumb. (6) Subtract the area in step 4 from the area in step 3. This is the total area of wallpaper needed. (7) Divide the area per roll of wallpaper into the area found in step 5 to determine the number of rolls needed. Round fractions up to the next whole number.
351
The most common commercial wall covering other than wallpaper is ______.
Vinyl
352
In what 2 ways does calculating vinyl wall covering differ from estimating wallpaper?
(1) Vinyl wall covering is sold by the linear yard, so calculations are usually based on linear yardage rather than rolls. (2) Most commercial wall coveringhas a width of 54", which is wider than most doors and windows, so NO DEDUCTIONS ARE MADE FOR OPENINGS, except when the area is wider than 54".
353
How many square feet are in one linear yard of wall covering that is 54" wide?
13.5 ft2
354
How do you calculate 54" wide vinyl wall covering ?
(1) Calculate the perimeter of the room in feet. (2) Multiply the perimeter by the height of the room or space to be covered to get the area in square feet. (3) Subtract any significant areas not to be covered from the area calculated in step 2. This is the TOTAL AREA of wall covering required. (4) Divide the total area found in step 3 by 13.5 ft2/yd (the number of square feet in a linear yard of 54" wide materials). The result is the yardage required. If linear footage is required, multiply by 3 ft/yd. (5) Sometimes a percentage is added, usually 10%, to the yardage for lengthwise trimmings and waste. NCIDQ WILL NOT REQUIRE THIS UNLESS IT IS SPECIFICALLY STATED IN THE PROBLEM. If the calculation using steps 1 to 4 does does not give an answer very close to one of the answers on the exam, try adding an extra 10%.
355
What should be done when calculating wall coverings with widths other than 54"?
Calculate the number of square feet per linear yard of the material by multiplying the width of the wall covering in feet by 3 ft/yd. Then divide the total area to be covered.
356
How are repeats calculated for vinyl wall covering?
They are estimated by using the same methods as wallpaper.
357
What must be determined when estimating fabric for draperies?
The total fabric width needed. This includes the total of the opening size, the stacking space, the return, any overlap of two sections of drapery, and the amount of fullness of the drapery.
358
How is the number of fabric panel widths determined?
Divide the total fabric width needed by the basic roll width of the fabric. This number is then multiplied by the cut length of the drapery.
359
Cut Length
Combination of opening size or desired length of the finished drapery, the header at the top where the fabric is pleated, and the hem at the bottom.
360
Fullness
A measure of how much of a fabric is taken up in pleating. There are common ways of expressing fullness. It can be given as the ratio of the fabric width before pleating to the after pleating, such as 2:1. Or it can be given as the amount fabric taken up in pleating expressed as a percentage of the finished width. Thus, if a panel is 6' wide before pleating and 2' wide after pleating, the fullness of the finished drapery is 3:1, or 200%.
361
On the NCIDQ exam, fullness is generally given as a ________.
Percentage
362
What are the three general fullnesses?
100%, 150% and 200%
363
100% Fullness
Requires that the fabric before pleating be 2 times the width of the finished drapery (Fulless factor of 2)
364
150% Fullness
Requires 2.5 times the finished fabric width (Fullness factor of 2.5)
365
200% Fullness
Requires three times the finished fabric width (Fullness factor of 3).
366
Fullness Factor of 2 is ______%.
100%
367
Fullness Factor of 2.5 is ______%.
150%
368
Fullness Factor of 3 is ______%.
200%
369
What assumptions may need to be made with a drapery calculation question?
The roll width of fabric or the use of a standard center draw traverse rod.
370
What should NOT be included when calculating drapery on the NCIDQ exam?
Include a waste factor, unless specifically stated as a requirement.
371
What should be done with window sizes in feet when calculating drapery on the NCIDQ exam?
Convert feet to inches before beginning the problem.
372
How is drapery calculated?
(1) Determine the amount of stacking space needed. This is the space needed on either side of the window so that when the drapery is fully open, it is clear of the window. The space needed is usually the width of the window opening (the glass) divided by 3. (2) Determine the total width of the finished drapery needed, in INCHES, including the return and overlap. (3) Determine the total width of fabric needed (before pleating). This is dependent on fullness wanted. The total fabric width is determined by multiplying the fullness factor by the width of the finished drapery as found in step 2. (4) Determine the number of panels of fabric needed by dividing the fabric width from step 3 by the width of one panel. Most drapery fabric is sold in panels either 48" or 54" wide. If a problem does not specifically state a width, ASSUME a width of 54". Round fractions up to the next whole number. (5) Determine the cut length of panels needed. This is the distance from the top of the traverse rod to the bottom of the drapery, plus header and hem. (6) Determine the number of linear yards of fabric needed. Multiply the number of panels needed by the length determined in step 5. Then, divide by 36"/yd to convert inches to yards.
373
Stacking Space
The space needed on either side of the window so that when the drapery is fully open, it is clear of the window.
374
What is a common size for stacking space?
The width of the window opening (the glass) divided by 3.
375
What is the calculation used to calculate drapery width?
Drapery Width = Window Width + Stacking Space + Return + Overlap
376
Return
The distance from the wall to teh drapery rod. They are usually 3" deep. This should usually be DOUBLED, since there is one return at each end of the drapery.
377
Overlap
The amount the two portions of the drapery overlap when closed in a center-drawn system. This is usually 6".
378
Return and Overlap (R & O)
Often estimated as 12"
379
How much is a usual overlap?
6"
380
How much is a usual return?
3" deep for each end of the drapery (6" for a rod counting both ends).
381
What formula is used to calculate the fabric width needed for drapery?
Fabric Width = (Drapery Width)(Fullness Factor)
382
What formula is used to calculate the number of panels needed for drapery?
Number of Panels = Fabric Width / Panel Width
383
What widths are drapery fabrics sold in?
Most drapery fabric is sold in panels either 48" or 54" wide. If a problem does not specifically state a width, ASSUME a width of 54".
384
Hem
The amount of fabric used in the finished edge at the bottom.
385
Header
The amount of fabric used in the finished edge at the pleated top.
386
If a drapery problem does not give a specific length for hem and header, what length should be used?
18" (header and hem together)
387
For NCIDQ exam drapery problems, what height for draperies should be used unless other information is explicitly given.
Use the window height .
388
For NCIDQ exam drapery problems, if the heights of the window glass is given, at least ____ inches should be added to allow for the height of the rod above the glass and the hem below the glass's bottom edge.
10"
389
What formula is used to calculate the yardage required for drapery?
Yardage Required = (number of panels)(cut length) / 36"/yd
390
How is drapery calculated when using a fabric with a repeat?
Similar to wallpaper. Take the cut length and divide it by the distance of the pattern repeat. Round fractions up to the nearest whole number. Then, multiply this number by the distance of the pattern repeat to get the modified cut length. To this, add the header and hem dimension. Multiply this modified cut length by the number of panels.
