Ch 11 Architectural Woodwork Flashcards
Architectural Woodwork
Custom, shop-fabricated millwork built primarily of lumber and used for interior finish construction and specialty furnishings.
Cabinetry, paneling, custom doors and frames, shelving, custom furniture, and special interior trim are all _________ ___________.
Architectural Woodwork
What can the designer incorporate into architectural woodwork items?
Ornamental Metal, Tile, Stone, Glass, Leather & Fabric
Architectural woodwork is also referred to as _________.
Millwork
How is millwork better than finish carpentry?
Millwork is done under controlled factory conditions with machinery and finishing techniques that cannot be duplicated in the field. Finish carpentry is completed on the job site and is of a lesser degree of quality.
What are AWIs thre grades of millwork?
Premium, Custom & Economy
What grade of millwork is usually reserved for special projects or special features on a project because it is the highest level of quality, workmanship and cost?
Premium
What grade of millwork is the most common grade and produces a high-quality job?
Custom
What grade of millwork defines the minimum level of quality, materials and workmanship?
Economy
What are prefabricated cabinets that are selected from a manufacturer’s standard product line?
Modular Casework
The raw materials for architectural woodwork is broadly classified as either _________ or ________.
Softwood or Hardwood
Timber from everygreens, such as pine or fir.
Softwood
Timber from deciduous trees, such as oak and maple.
Hardwood
What are the two forms of timber used for architectural woodwork?
Solid Stock and Veneer Stock
A thick piece of lumber (1/2” or more) used alone to form some woodwork component.
Solid Stock
A thin piece of wood (less than 1/16”) sliced from a log and glued to a backing of particleboard or plywood, normally 3/4” thick.
Veneer
Why is most millwork made from veneer stock?
Because of the limited availability of many hardwood species.
What are the three ways solid stock is cut from a log?
Plain Sawing (aka flat sawing), Quarter Sawing, and Rift Sawing
Type of solid stock sawing that makes the most effiecient use of the log and is the least expensive of the three methods. Wood is cut with various orientations to the grain of the tree, resulting in a characteristic cathedral pattern.
Plain Sawing (Flat Sawing)
Type of solid stock sawing that cuts the log into quarters and then sawing perpendicular to a diameter line. The saw cut is nearly perpendicular to the grain, resulting in a pattern that is more uniformly vertical.
Quarter Sawing
Quarter-sawn boards tend to cup less, shrink less in width, hold paint better, and have fewer defects than ____-____ boards.
Plain Sawn
Type of solid stock sawing that provides the most vertical grain because the saw cuts are always made radially to the center of the tree. This is more expensive than the other two types of sawing because the log must be shifted after each cut and because there is a lot of waste. This cutting is rarely use.
Rift Sawing
What should be done before architectural woodwork specifications are written?
The availability of cuts in the desired species should be verified before specifications are written.
What are the five ways veneer stock is cut from a log?
Plain Slicing, Quarter Slicing, Rotary Slicing, Half-Round Slicing, & Rift Slicing
Two types of veneer stock sawinhat is similar to the same used for solid-stock, except the resulting pieces are much thinner.
Plain Slicing & Quarter Slicing
What type of veneer slicing produces a straighter grained pattern because the cutting knife strikes at a 90 degree angle?
Quarter Slicing
Veneer slicing where the log is mounted on a lathe and turned against a knife, which peels off a continuous layer of veneer, which produces a very pronounced grain pattern that is often undesirable in fine-quality wood finishes. It does produce the most veneer with the least waste.
Rotary Slicing
Slicing that is similar to rotary slicing, but the log is cut in half, and the veneer is cut slightly across the annular growth rings. The result is a pronounced grain pattern showing characteristics of both rotary-sliced and plain-sliced veneers.
Half-Round Slicing
Veneer slicing that is accomplished by quartering a log and cutting it at a 15 degree angle to the growth rings. Like quarter slicing, it results in a straight-grain pattern and is commonly used with OAK to eliminate the appearance of markings perpendicular to the direction of the grain.
Rift Slicing
Marks on oak rift slicing which are radial cells extending from the tree’s center to its circumference are called ____________ _____
Medullary Rays
Individual veneers come from the same log which is called a ________.
Flitch
Veneer producers give each flitch a ________.
Number
What are various types of joints used for?
Increase the joint’s strength and approve its appearance eliminating mechanical fasteners.
What are some common joints?
Half Lap, Finger Joint, Scarf, Rabbet, Dado, Dovetail Dado, Miter, Shoulder Miter, and Splinted Miter
The sides and bottom of most commercial-grade base cabinets are constructed with ____ panel product.
3/4”
The back of most commercial-grade base cabinets are constructed with ____ panel product.
1/4”
Depending on the quality of the cabinet, the top frame may be a continuous piece of ____ solid wood, or may consist of corner blocks.
3/4”
What are the two ways a countertop is installed precisely to fit the way?
Scribe or Use a Template
Scribe Piece
An oversize piece of plastic laminate or wood that can be trimmed in the field to follow any minor irregularities of the wall.
Countertop Template
Made from cardboard or thin hardboard after the base cabinets have been placed, then taken back to the shop and used to precisely cut the countertop, including any out-of-square conditions, wall irregularities, or odd shapes.
How is an upper cabinet installed to the wall in residential construction?
It is attached to the wall by screwing through the cabinet back and wall finish into the wood studs.
How is an upper cabinet installed to the wall in commercial construction?
Where metal studs are used, wood blocking is required in the stud cavity behind the wall finish. This blocking is installed as the studs are being erected and is attached to them with screws.
What are the four basic categories of cabinet door and drawer front construction?
Flush, Flush Overlay, Reveal Overlay, and Lipped Overlay
Flush Cabinet Framing
The face of the drawer or door is installed flush with the face frame. EXTRA CARE AND EXPENSE are required to fit and align the door and drawers within the frame.
Lipped Overlap Cabinet Framing
Part of the door or drawer overlaps the frame and covers the joint between the two spaces.
Flush Overlay Cabinet Framing
The front of the door or drawer overlaps the face frame of the cabinet. Edges of adjacent door or drawer fronts are separated only enough to allow operation without touching, usually about 1/8” or less. Only doors and drawers are visible, and they are all flush with each other. (AKA European Cabinets)
Reveal Overlay Cabinet Construction
The edges of adjacent drawer and door fronts are separated enough to reveal the face frame behind. The width of the reveal can be whatever size, subject to the width of the face frame. This is often LESS EXPENSIVE than flush overlay because minor misalignments and sagging are not as noticeable. This is the MORE TRADITIONAL METHOD OF CONSTRUCTING CABINETS.
In both upper and lower cabinet construction and countertop construction, there should be a _____ piece installed.
Scribe
What can be an alternate to scribing a cabinet?
The cabinet frame next to the wall can be cut slightly oversized to allow for trimming on the job site.
What are the two basic types of wood paneling?
Stile and Rail, and Flush
What is another name for Stile and Rail paneling?
Raised Panel
Traditional type of paneling composed of vertical pieces and horizontal pieces.
Stile and Rail (Raised Panel)
Flush Paneling
Paneling with a flat, smooth surface with the edges butted together or joined with a reveal, and is built up of thin wood veneers glued to backing panels of particleboard, plywood, or other panel products.
What is the primary consideration to make when specifying paneling?
The veneer matching method
What are the three methods of veneer matching?
Matching between adjacent veneer leaves, matching veneers within a panel, and matching panels within a room.
What are the three ways to match adjacent veneer leaves?
Book matching, slip matching, random matching
Book Matching
The most common method of veneer matching in which the veneers are sliced off the log and every other piece is turned over so that adjacent leaves form a symmetrical grain pattern.
Slip Matching
Veneer matching where consecutive pieces are placed side by side and the same face sides are exposed.
Random Matching
Veneer matching where veneers are placed in a random sequence, and veneers from different flitches may even be used.
How are veneers installed?
Glued to rigid panels
What is the second consideration when specifying paneling veneers?
The method of glueing veneers.
What are the three methods of matching veneers within a panel when using bookmatched veneers?
Running Match, Balance Match, Center Match
Running Match
Veneer matching that alternates bookmatched veneer pieces regardless of their width or how many pieces must be used to complete a panel. Any portion left over from the last leaf of one panel is used as the starting point for the next.
Balance Match
Veneer matching that utilizes veneer pieces trimmed to equal widths in each panel.
Center Match
Veneer matching that has an even number of veneer leaves of uniform width so that there is a veneer joint in the center of the panel.
What are the three ways panels can be assembled within a room?
Warehouse Match, Sequence Match, & Blueprint Match
Type of panel matching, which is the least expensive method. Premanufactured panels (usually 4’ x 8’ or 10’) are assembled from a single flitch that yields from six to twelve panels. They are field cut to fit around doors, windows, and other obstructions, resulting in some loss of grain continuity.
Warehouse Match
Type of panel matching that uses panels of uniform width manufactured for a specific job and with the veneers arranged in a sequence. If some panels must be trimmed to fit around doors or other obstructions, there is a moderate loss of grain continuity.
Sequence Match
Type of panel matching, which is the most expensive method, in which the panels are manufactured to precisely fit the room and line up with every obstruction so grain continuity is not interrupted. Veneers from the same flitch are matched over doors, cabinets, and other items covered with paneling.Blueprint Matching
Blueprint Matching
What are the two ways paneling is hung on the wall?
Aluminum Z Clips or Wood Cleats (both allow wood to expand/contract)
What does HPDL stand for
High Pressure Decorative Laminate - Thin sheet of material made by impregnating several layers of kraft paper with phenolic resins and overlaying the paper with a patterned or colored sheet and a layer of melamine resin. The entire assembly is placed in a hot press under high pressure where the various layers fuse.
What are type types of panel substrates for laminate?
Particleboard, Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF), Hardboard, Veneer Core
What is the most commonly used laminate substrate?
45 lbm density particleboard - it is the most dimensionally stable, provides a smooth surface for laminating, has sufficient impact resistance, and provides enough strength for holding screws and for constructing panels and casework.
What is MDF used for and how is it made?
Popular substrate for plastic laminate that is made by breaking down wood fibers into very fine fluff and then mixing them with glue and compressing the mixture under high pressure..
Which panel substrate has a smoother surface, MDF or particleboard?
MDF - The smoother surface reduces the potential for telegraphing through the laminate and makes it suitable for gloss laminates.
Which is more expensive, MDF or particleboard?
MDF
Untreated ______ has the same fire rating as plywood.
MDF - however, special fire-resistant MDF is available.
What panel substrate is dimensionally stable and does not crack, warp or cup, and allows routing and has a flawless paint finish?
MDF
What are the problems with using hardboard as a laminate substrate?
Its smooth surface can sometimes cause bonding problems.
What are the problems with using veneer core as a laminate substrate?
It is subject to warpage and other problems and is not recommended for interior applications.
What is the most common laminate thickness?
0.050 inches - used for both horizontal and vertical applications.
How thick is post-forming laminate?
0.040 inches - its manufactured so it can be heated and bent to a small radius.
How thick is vertical use laminate?
0.028 inches - for vertical applications that receive less wear amd impact than horizontal surfaces do.
What are some non-standard types of laminates?
Backing sheets, cabinet liners, fire-rated, chemical-resistant, static-dissipative, and metal-faced laminates.
What must be done (and why) when plastic laminate is applied to large surfaces of paneling?
It must be balanced with a backing sheet to inhibit moisture absorbtion and to attain structural balance so the panel does not warp.
Standing Trim
An item of fixed length, such as a door or window casing, that can be installed with a single length of wood.
Running Trim
An item of continuing length, such as baseboard, chair rail, or cornice.
What is the difference between “standing and running trim” and “wood molding”?
Standing and running trim is the term applied to wood pieces custom fabricated in a mill shop, then installed at the job site. Wood trim comes in standard profiles and sizes and is ordered by number and installed as a finish carpentry item.
Why is shrinking and swelling in millwork not as much of a problem as it is for site-built carpentry?
Because of the improved manufacturing methods available in the shop and the fact that solid stock and veneer can be dried or acclimated to a particular geographical region and its humidity.
5% - 10% (8% average) is the optimum moisture content of millwork for interior applications for what region(s) of the US?
Most of the US
What is the purpose of wood finishes?
To protect woodwork from moisture, chemicals, and contact, and to enhance the appearance of woodwork.
Which is the prefered method of wood finishing, factory or field finished?
Factory, because the results are easier to control.
What must be done to wood before finishing?
Sanded and filled as needed.
A coating material with a high nitrocellulose content modified with resins and plasticizers dissolved in a volatile solvent..
Lacquer
Catalyzed lacquers contain an extra ingredient that speeds drying time and gives the finish additional hardness
Standard lacquers are easy to apply, easy to repair and are relatively low in cost. They DO NOT provide the chemical and wear resistance that some of the other finishes provide. Catalyzed lacquers for transparent finishes are more difficult to repair and refinish, but are more durable and resistant to chemicals.
Consist of various types of resinous materials dissolved in one of several types of volatile liquids.
Varnish
Conversion varnish is produced with alkyd and urea formaldehyde resins. When a high solids content is specified, the finish becomes opaque
A synthetic material that creates a very hard, durable finish. Although difficult to repair or refinish, this finish offers superior resistance to abrasion and to penetration or damage from water and many commercial and household chemicals.
Polyurethane
Opaque polyurethanes are available in sheets from dull satin to full gloss.
Synthetic material that gives the HARDEST, MOST DURABLE FINISH POSSIBLE.
Polyesters
Opaque polyesters can be colored and are available only in a full gloss sheen. Like polyurethanes, polyester finishes are very difficult to repair or refinish outside the shop, but they create very durable finishes with as much as 80% of the hardness of glass.
What are the types of opaque wood finishes?
Lacquer, Varnish, Polyurethane, and Polyester
What are the only types of woods that opaque finishes should be used on?
Closed-grain woods where solid stock is required, and on medium-density fiberboard where sheet materials are required.
What are the types of transparent wood finishes?
Lacquer, varnish, vinyl, penetrating oils, polyurethane, and polyester.
Has many of the same advantages of lacquer, but can often be applied with FEWER COATS.
Conversion Varnish
Yield a surface that has the MOST CHEMICAL RESISTANCE of the standard lacquer, varnish and vinyl finishes. Vinyl is also very resistant to scratching, abrasion, and other mechanical damages.
Catalyzed Vinyls
Traditional wood finish that is easily applied and give a rich look to wood, but require re-oiling periodically and tend to darken with age.
Oil Finish
What finish can be used to create the LOOK of an oil finish?
Catalyzed Vinyl
What are the most durable (and expensive) transparent wood finishes?
Polyurethane and Polyester. Both require skilled applicators. Transparent polyurethanes are available in sheens from dull to full gloss, while polyesters are available ONLY in full gloss.
What are the two wood stain types?
Water-Based and Solvent-Based
Stain that yields a uniform color, but raises the grain.
Water-Based Stain
Stain that dries quickly and does not raise the grain, but is less uniform
Solvent-Based Stain
What should a wood stain spec include?
The requirement that finish samples be provided by the wood worker and approved prior to fabrication.
Generic term for homogeneous, polymer-based surfacing material. It is a combination of two ingredients: a filler and a clear resin binder (acrylic, polyester, or a mixture of the two).
Solid Surfacing
What is the standard thickness for solid surfacing?
3/4” (however lower priced products of 1/2” are available)
How are scratches, stains and dents treated on solid surfaces?
Sanded out or cleaned with a household abrasive cleanser.
How are solid surfacing materials fabricated and installed?
Using normal woodworking tools. Edges can be routed. Seams are filled with a two-part epoxy or liquid form of the material.
Most model codes regulate what wood materials?
Woodwork as wall or ceiling finish materials.
Most model codes DO NOT regulate what wood materials?
Furniture, cabinets, or trim (picture molds, chair rails, baseboards, handrails, doors and window frames and similar decorative materials used in fixed applications), including cabinets attached to a structure. Nor do they apply to materials that are less than 0,036 in thick and are applied directly to the surfaces of walls or ceilings.
Wall and ceiling finish, including wainscoting, paneling, or other finish, applied either structurally or for decoration, acoustical correction, surface insulation, or similar purposed.
Interior Finish
Most wood species without flame-retardant treatement have flame-spread ratings less than _____ and some even have ratings less than ___. This makes them appropriate for rooms, enclosed spaces, and some corridors without any special considerations.
200 (Class C); 75 (Class B)
Trims generally must have a minimum Class __ flame-spread rating, and combustible trim, EXCLUDING HANDRAILS and guardrails, CANNOT EXCEED ___ of the aggregate wall or ceiling area in which it is located.
C; 10%
What is the strictest regulation on the used of woodwork as an interior finish?
When paneling is used on walls and ceilings. The paneling must meet the maximum flame-spread rating of the code based on OCCUPANCY and USE AREA.
When can veneer less than 0.036 in thick with any flame-spread raing be used?
When the veneer is placed on fire-retardant treated materials, such as particleboard.
How should laminate be applied to comply with flame-spread codes?
Laminate is not subject to regulation if it is less than 0.036 in thich, but it should be applied to a substrate (usually particleboard) that is fire-retardant treated. Laminate for vertical use is 0.028 in thick, so it does not have to be fire treated. When thicker laminate is used and the flame-spread rating is critical, fire-rated laminate can be used on a fire-retardant treated substrate with the appropriate adhesive.
How should wood blocking comply with flame-spread codes?
Blocking on the outside of the partition on which paneling is applied should also be fire-retardant treated. Some codes require that blocking within the partition be fire-retardant treated.
Veneers manufactured by laminating plain or dyed veneers from commonly available or fast-growing trees into an artificial “log”. The composite log is then sliced to produce a wide variety of decorative veneers. This is an alternate wood product that is good for sustainable design.
Composite Wood Veneers
25% - 55% is the relative humidity to maintain the optimum moisture level of millwork for interior applications for what region(s) of the US?
Most of the US
8% - 13% (11% average) is the optimum moisture content of millwork for interior applications
For more humid regions
43% - 70% is the relative humidity to maintain the optimum moisture level of millwork for interior applications for what region(s) of the US?
For more humid regions
4% - 9% (6% average) is the relative humidity to maintain the optimum moisture level of millwork for interior applications for what region(s) of the US?
For drier regions
17% - 50% is the relative humidity to maintain the optimum moisture level of millwork for interior applications for what region(s) of the US?
For drier regions
