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School > Chemistry - Ch. 15.2, 16.1, and 16.2 Test Review > Flashcards

Chemistry - Ch. 15.2, 16.1, and 16.2 Test Review Flashcards

1
Q

Aqueous solution

A

water that contains dissolved substances

Solvent: the dissolving medium

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2
Q

Solvent

A

the dissolving medium

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3
Q

Solute

A

the dissolved particles in a solution

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4
Q

Solvation

A

The process by which the positive and negative ions of an ionic solid become surrounded by solvent molecules

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5
Q

Electrolyte

A

a compound that conducts an electric current when it is in an aqueous solutions or in the molten state; the substance dissolves as ions

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6
Q

Nonelectrolyte

A

a compound that doesn’t conduct an electric current in either an aqueous solutions or the molten state

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7
Q

Strong Electrolyte (2)

A

where all or nearly all of the solute exists as ions; when the solute is completely ionized in a solution

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8
Q

Weak Electrolyte (2)

A

Conducts an electric current poorly because only a fraction of the solute in the solution exists as ions; only partially ionized

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9
Q

Water of Hydration

A

the water contained in a crystal

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10
Q

Hydrate

A

A compound that contains water of hydration

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11
Q

Anhydrous

A

a substance that does not contain water

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12
Q

Effloresce

A

where a hydrate has a vapor pressure higher than the pressure of water vapor in the air and the hydrate will lose its water of hydration

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13
Q

Hygroscopic

A

hydrates and other compounds that remove moisture from air

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14
Q

Desiccant

A

substance used to absorb moisture from the air and create a dry atmosphere; used as a drying agent

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15
Q

Deliquescent

A

compounds that remove sufficient water from the air to dissolve completely and form solutions

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16
Q

Saturated Solution

A

contains the maximum amount of solute for a given quantity of solvent at a constant temperature and pressure

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17
Q

Solubility

A

the amount of solute that dissolves in a given quantity of a solvent at a specified temperature and pressure to produce a saturated solution

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18
Q

Unsaturated Solution

A

solution that contains less solute than a saturated solution at a given temperature and pressure

19
Q

Miscible

A

two liquids that dissolve in each other in all proportions

Ex water and diethyl

20
Q

Immiscible

A

Liquids that are don’t dissolve; are insoluble

Ex. oil and water

21
Q

Supersaturated Solution

A

contains more solute than it can theoretically hold at a given temperature

22
Q

Henry’s Law

A

states that at a given temperature, the solubility (S) of a gas in a liquid is DIRECTLY PROPORTIONAL to the pressure (P) of the gas above the liquid

23
Q

Concentration

A

a measure of the amount of solute that is dissolved in a given quantity of solvent

24
Q

Dilute Solution

A

a solution that contains a relatively small amount of solute

25
Q

Concentrated Solution

A

contains a large amount of solute

26
Q

Molarity (M)

A

the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution

27
Q

Formula to find the percent by mass of H20 = …

A

(Mass of Water / Mass of Hydrate) x 100%

28
Q

Formula for Henry’s Law = …

A

S1 / P1 = S2 / P2

29
Q

Formula to find Molarity = …

A

Moles of Solute / Liters of Solution

30
Q

Formula to find Moles of Solute = … (Dilution)

A

(M1)(V1)=(M2)(V2)

31
Q

Formula to find percent by volume = …

A

(Volume of Solute / Volume of Solution) x 100%

32
Q

Formula to find Percent by Mass = …

A

(Mass of Solute / Mass of Solution) x 100%

33
Q

Solution Equilibrium

A

Reached when the rate of solution and the rate of crystallization are equal

  • Saturated Solutions = reaches equilibrium
  • Unsaturated Solutions = does not reach equilibrium
34
Q

Seeding

A

the addition of a crystal to a supersaturated solution causing it to crystallize

35
Q

How does temperature affect the SOLUBILITY of liquids and solids?

Gases?

A

^ temp of solvent = ^ solubility of the solute

^ Temp = decreased solubility

36
Q

How does the pressure affect the SOLUBILITY of gases?

A

Henry’s Law –> solubility and pressure = directly proportional

37
Q

Water is… (2)

A

a polar liquid

a solvent for many solutions

38
Q

What is Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF4)?

A

A nonelectrolyte

39
Q

How can you increase the rate at which a solute dissolves? (not main methods)

A

grinding, stirring, mixing

40
Q

The relative amounts of solute and solvent in a solution can be described qualitatively as… (2)

A

diluted

concentrated

41
Q

Quantitative Units of Concentration include… (3)

A
  1. percent by mass
  2. percent by volume
  3. molar concentration
42
Q

In dilution…….. (amount changes)

A

the moles of the solute remain the same, while the amount of solvent changes

43
Q

Explain “Like dissolves Like” (2)

A

Polar solvents such as water dissolve ionic compounds and polar compounds

Nonpolar solvents such as gasoline dissolve nonpolar compounds

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