APUSH: Chapter 9 [DONE]

Question 1

Society of the Cincinnati

Answer 1

Exclusive, hereditary organization of former officers in the Continental Army.

Question 2

Disestablished

Answer 2

to separate an official state church from its connection with the government *after the Revolution, all states disestablished the Anglican Church

Question 3

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom

Answer 3

measure enacted by the Virginia legislature, which prohibited state support for religious institutions and recognizing freedom of worship

Question 4

Civic Virtue

Answer 4

Willingness on the part of citizens to sacrifice personal self interest for the public good

Question 5

Articles of Confederation

Answer 5

First American Constitution that established the US as a loose confederation of states under a weak national Congress –> had no power to regulate commerce or enforce taxes

Question 6

Old Northwest

Answer 6

territories acquired by the federal government from the states

Question 7

Land Ordinance of 1785

Answer 7

provided for the sale of land in the Old Northwest and used the proceeds toward repaying national debt.

Question 8

Northwest Ordinance

Answer 8

Created a policy for administering the Northwest territories; forbade the expansion of slavery into territiores

Question 9

Shays’ Rebellion

Answer 9

armed uprising of western Massachusetts debtors seeking lower taxes and an end to property foreclosures; this inspired fears of “mob rule” among leading revolutionaries

Question 10

Virginia Plan “Large-state Plan”

Answer 10

proposal for the new Constitution, which called for proportional representation in both houses of a bicameral Congress *favored larger states

Question 11

New Jersey Plan “Small-state Plan”

Answer 11

Located at the Philadelphia convention, the plan proposed equal representation by state, regardless of population, in a unicameral legislature *they feared large state domination above others

Question 12

Great Compromise

Answer 12

reconciled the New Jersey and Virginia plans at the constitutional convention, giving states proportional representation in the House and equal representation in the Senate.

Question 13

common law

Answer 13

The U.S. Constitution grew out of the Anglo-American common law tradition and thus provided only a general organization framework for the new federal government *they shortened it up and made it less detailed

Question 14

civil law

Answer 14

body of written law enacted through legislative statutes or constitutional provisions. *judges must apply the statutes precisely as written, where the law is enforced

Question 15

three-fifths compromise

Answer 15

determined that each slave would be counted as three-fifths of a person for the purpose of apportioning taxes and representation; granted disproportionate political power for the Southern slave states

Question 16

antifederalists

Answer 16

People who opposed the new Constitution because they thought it was antidemocratic, control of the states by the Central government, and feared for individuals’ liberties due to the absence of the bill of rights

Question 17

federalists

Answer 17

people who fought for the new Constitution; favored a strong National government and argued that the checks and balances in the Constitution would safeguard people’s liberties.

Question 18

The Federalist (not the people)

Answer 18

collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton which were published during the ratification debate in New York to serve as propaganda for the defense of the Constitution

Question 19

Who was Lord Sheffield?

Answer 19

Wrote a popular pamphlet in England that said Britain would win back America’s trade and that commerce would naturally follow old channels.

Question 20

Who was Daniel Shays?

Answer 20

Revolutionary war veteran who led the failed Shays’ rebellion which consisted of poor farmers

Question 21

What was James Madison nicknamed due to his contributions ? (2)

Answer 21

Nicknamed the “Father of the Constitution” due to his notable contributable idea and he contributed to The Federalist

Question 22

Describe the political climate of America in the 1780’s? (3)

Answer 22

1. Americans had loose confederation
2. Weak Congress
3. Anarchy; democratic life

Question 23

what was a major test to the new Republic? (3)

Answer 23

1. staying united
2. protecting their rights against the government
3. defending themselves against foreign foes

Question 24

where was the struggle to separate religion and government the greatest during this period?

Answer 24

Virginia

Question 25

How did the post Revolutionary period effect the role of white women? (3)

Answer 25

1. Brought on more responsibility
2. “Republican Motherhood”
3. expectations for them rose

Question 26

What principal was embodied in most state constitutions?

Answer 26

Fundamental Laws –> The state constitutions were meant to represent fundamental laws [dominated ordinary legislations (Bills of Rights) and was very hard to change]

Question 27

adopted almost a decade before the federal constitutions, which state constitution remains the longest-lived in the world?

Answer 27

Massachusetts

Question 28

The articles of confederation were finally approved in…?

Answer 28

1781

Question 29

What important powers were denied the government under the articles of confederation? (2)

Answer 29

denied power to

1. regulate commerce
2. enforce tax-collecting program

Question 30

What were the most significant elements of the Northwest Ordinance of 1787?

Answer 30

• It was a judicious compromise
• First tutelage (the area would be under the control of the federal government, temporarily), then Equality (when the inhabitants reached 60,000, the Congress MIGHT admit it as a state including the privileges of the 13 states)

Question 31

Describe the problem with Britain?

Answer 31

British were bitter about war and closed off west indie trade ports from Americans; redcoats still had trading posts on US soil and continued with the fur trading with Indians.

Americans were angered by these grievances and wanted to imposing restrictions on their imports to America, but the Congress couldn’t control commerce.

Question 32

Describe problem with France?

Answer 32

They wanted the money back that they loaned to the Americans during the war; restricted trade to West Indies ports

Question 33

Describe the problem with Spain?

Answer 33

They openly disliked the Republic

Schemed with Indians at the Natchez (fort in Spain) to hem in the Americans in the Alleghenies

Question 34

Describe the problem with Barbary Coast?

Answer 34

Pirates of the North African states were ravaging America’s Mediterranean commerce and enslaved Yankee sailors.

Question 35

As a result of Shays’ Rebellion, what did Americans begin to think was needed?

Answer 35

They believed that the Confederation needed to be strengthened in order to obtain a stronger central government

Question 36

On what issue did the major dispute between the supporters and crisis of the Articles of Confederation center?

Answer 36

On how to strengthen the Confederation and how a maximum degree of states’ rights could be reconciled with a strong central government

Question 37

What was the main reason for bringing together the Constitutional Convention?

Answer 37

Problems with the control of commerce

Question 38

Motives of the delegates in the 1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia include…?

Answer 38

• preserve the Republic and the Union
• desired a firm, dignified, and respected government (prevent democracy!)
• ensure security against uprisings or mobs
• curb unrestrained democracy in various states

Question 39

whose interests were satisfied by the agreement that all tax measures should start in the House?

Answer 39

The Larger states

Question 40

describe the large-state plan proposed during the Constitutional Convention

Answer 40

larger states wanted a proportional representation in both houses of a Bicameral Congress

Question 41

What were some of the compromises in the Constitutional Convention?

Answer 41

• electoral college
• three-fifths compromise
• ending slave labor at the end of 1807

Question 42

what aspect of the new Constitution was probably the most disturbing characteristic to those who opposed it?

Answer 42

It didn’t contain a Bill of Rights

Question 43

the federalists believe that the sovereignty of the people resided in which branch of the government?

Answer 43

All three of the branches - legislative, executive, and judicial.

Question 44

Who were some Federalists? What was the pattern among them?

Answer 44

• George Washington and Benjamin Franklin

- Pattern: consisted of higher classes (wealthier, more educated, and better organized)

Question 45

What is one of the distinctive and lasting paradoxes of American History? How?

Answer 45

• That in the U.S., conservatives and radicals alike have championed the heritage of republic revolution.
• They changed it because the minority triumphed, conservatism was victorious due to safeguards that were put up against mob-rule excesses -> republican gains of the Revolution were conserved and lastly, the congress became Bicameral (including all 3 branches)

Question 46

Who were some antifederalists? What was the pattern among them?

Answer 46

Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee.

Pattern: consisted of the poorest classes.